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Author: J. E. Nicholls
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447132033
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
In ordinary mathematics, an equation can be written down which is syntactically correct, but for which no solution exists. For example, consider the equation x = x + 1 defined over the real numbers; there is no value of x which satisfies it. Similarly it is possible to specify objects using the formal specification language Z [3,4], which can not possibly exist. Such specifications are called inconsistent and can arise in a number of ways. Example 1 The following Z specification of a functionf, from integers to integers "f x : ~ 1 x ~ O· fx = x + 1 (i) "f x : ~ 1 x ~ O· fx = x + 2 (ii) is inconsistent, because axiom (i) gives f 0 = 1, while axiom (ii) gives f 0 = 2. This contradicts the fact that f was declared as a function, that is, f must have a unique result when applied to an argument. Hence no suchfexists. Furthermore, iff 0 = 1 andfO = 2 then 1 = 2 can be deduced! From 1 = 2 anything can be deduced, thus showing the danger of an inconsistent specification. Note that all examples and proofs start with the word Example or Proof and end with the symbol.1.
Author: J. E. Nicholls
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447132033
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Get Book Here
Book Description
In ordinary mathematics, an equation can be written down which is syntactically correct, but for which no solution exists. For example, consider the equation x = x + 1 defined over the real numbers; there is no value of x which satisfies it. Similarly it is possible to specify objects using the formal specification language Z [3,4], which can not possibly exist. Such specifications are called inconsistent and can arise in a number of ways. Example 1 The following Z specification of a functionf, from integers to integers "f x : ~ 1 x ~ O· fx = x + 1 (i) "f x : ~ 1 x ~ O· fx = x + 2 (ii) is inconsistent, because axiom (i) gives f 0 = 1, while axiom (ii) gives f 0 = 2. This contradicts the fact that f was declared as a function, that is, f must have a unique result when applied to an argument. Hence no suchfexists. Furthermore, iff 0 = 1 andfO = 2 then 1 = 2 can be deduced! From 1 = 2 anything can be deduced, thus showing the danger of an inconsistent specification. Note that all examples and proofs start with the word Example or Proof and end with the symbol.1.
Author: J.P. Bowen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447135563
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Book Description
The Z notation has been developed at the Programming Research Group at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory and elsewhere for over a decade. It is now used by industry as part of the software (and hardware) development process in both Europe and the USA. It is currently undergoing BSI standardisation in the UK, and has been proposed for ISO standardisation internationally. In recent years researchers have begun to focus increasingly on the development of techniques and tools to encourage the wider application of Z and other formal methods and notations. This volume contains papers from the Seventh Annual Z User Meeting, held in London in December 1992. In contrast to previous years the meeting concentrated specifically on industrial applications of Z, and a high proportion of the participants came from an industrial background. The theme is well represented by the four invited papers. Three of these discuss ways in which formal methods are being introduced, and the fourth presents an international survey of industrial applications. It also provides a reminder of the improvements which are needed to make these methods an accepted part of software development. In addition the volume contains several submitted papers on the industrial use of Z, two of which discuss the key area of safety-critical applications. There are also a number of papers related to the recently-completed ZIP project. The papers cover all the main areas of the project including methods, tools, and the development of a Z Standard, the first publicly-available version of which was made available at the meeting. Finally the volume contains a select Z bibliography, and section on how to access information on Z through comp.specification.z, the international, computer-based USENET newsgroup. Z User Workshop, London 1992 provides an important overview of current research into industrial applications of Z, and will provide invaluable reading for researchers, postgraduate students and also potential industrial users of Z.
Author: J.P. Bowen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447134524
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 405
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Book Description
This volume contains papers from the Eighth Z User Meeting, to be held at the University of Cambridge from 29 - 30 June 1994. The papers cover a wide range of issues associated with Z and formal methods, with particular reference to practical application. These issues include education, standards, tool support, and interaction with other design paradigms such as consideration of real-time and object-oriented approaches to development. Among the actual topics covered are: the formal specification in Z of Defence Standard 00-56; formal specification of telephone features; specifying and interpreting class hierarchies in Z; and software quality assurance using the SAZ method. Z User Workshop, Cambridge 1994 provides an important overview of current research into industrial applications of Z, and will provide invaluable reading for researchers, postgraduate students and also potential industrial users of Z.
Author: John E. Nicholls
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447138775
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
The mathematical concepts and notational conventions we know of as Z were first proposed around 1981. Its origins were in line with the objectives of the PRG - to establish a mathematical basis for program ming concepts and to verify the work by case studies with industry. Hence among early Z users some were from academic circles, with interests in the mathematical basis of programming; others came from industry and were involved with pilot projects and case studies linked with the Programming Research Group. Four years ago we had the first Z User Meeting, a fairly modest affair with representatives more or less equally divided between academia and industry. At the first meeting there were, as in this meeting, a variety of technical papers, reports of work in progress and discussions. A number of people from industry came along, either because they had begun to use Z or were curious about the new direction. In the discussion sessions at the end of the meeting, there were calls from attendees for the establishment of a more stable base for the notation, including work on its documentation and standards. Many of these requests have now been satisfied and the notation is now being proposed for standards development.
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Category : Z (Computer program language)
Languages : en
Pages : 424
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Book Description
Author: Alban Ponse
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447121201
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 369
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Book Description
ACP, the Algebra of Communicating Processes, is an algebraic approach to the study of concurrent processes, initiated by Jan Bergstra and Jan Will em Klop in the early eighties. These proceedings comprise the contributions to ACP94, the first workshop devoted to ACP. The work shop was held at Utrecht University, 16-17 May 1994. These proceedings are meant to provide an overview of current research in the area of ACP. They contain fifteen contributions. The first one is a classical paper on ACP by J.A. Bergstra and J.W. Klop: The Algebra of Recursively Defined Processes and the Algebra of Regular Processes, Report IW 235/83, Mathematical Centre, Amsterdam, 1983. It serves as an introduction to the remainder of the proceedings and, indeed, as a general introduction to ACP. An extended abstract of this paper is published under the same title in the ICALP' 84 proceedings. Of the re maining contributions, three were submitted by the invited speakers and the others were selected by the programme committee. As for the presentations, Jos Baeten, Rob van Glabbeek, Jan Friso Groote, and Frits Vaandrager were each invited to deliver a lecture. A paper relating to Frits Vaandrager's lecture has already been submitted for publication elsewhere and is not, therefore, included in these pro ceedings. Gabriel Ciobanu, one of our guests, gave an impression of his work in an extra lecture. Furthermore, ten presentations were given on the basis of selected papers.
Author: John T. O'Donnell
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 144713236X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 297
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Book Description
The Functional Programming Group at the University of Glasgow was started in 1986 by John Hughes and Mary Sheeran. Since then it has grown in size and strength, becoming one of the largest computing science research groups at Glasgow and earning an international reputation. The first Glasgow Functional Programming Workshop was organised in the summer of 1988. Its purpose was threefold: to provide a snapshot of all the research going on within the group, to share research ideas between Glaswegians and colleagues in the U.K. and abroad, and to introduce research students to the art of writing and presenting papers at a semi-formal (but still local and friendly) conference. The success of the first workshop has led to an annual series: Rothesay (1988), Fraserburgh (1989), Ullapool (1990). Portree (1991), Ayr (1992), and the workshop reported in these proceedings: Ayr (1993). Most participants wrote a paper that appeared in the draft proceedings (distributed at the workshop), and each draft paper was presented by one of the authors. The papers were all refereed by several other participants at the workshop, both internal and external, and the programme committee selected papers for these proceedings. Most papers have been revised twice, based firstly on feedback at the workshop, and secondly using the referee reports.
Author: Norman W. Paton
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447132254
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
This book is the proceedings of a workshop held at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh in August 1993. The central theme of the workshop was rules in database systems, and the papers presented covered a range of different aspects of database rule systems. These aspects are reflected in the sessions of the workshop, which are the same as the sections in this proceedings: Active Databases Architectures Incorporating Temporal Rules Rules and Transactions Analysis and Debugging of Active Rules Integrating Graphs/Objects with Deduction Integrating Deductive and Active Rules Integrity Constraints Deductive Databases The incorporation of rules into database systems is an important area of research, as it is a major component in the integration of behavioural information with the structural data with which commercial databases have traditionally been associated. This integration of the behavioural aspects of an application with the data to which it applies in database systems leads to more straightforward application development and more efficient processing of data. Many novel applications seem to need database systems in which structural and behavioural information are fully integrated. Rules are only one means of expressing behavioural information, but it is clear that different types of rule can be used to capture directly different properties of an application which are cumbersome to support using conventional database architectures. In recent years there has been a surge of research activity focusing upon active database systems, and this volume opens with a collection of papers devoted specifically to this topic.
Author: Wojciech P. Ziarko
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447132386
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Book Description
The objective of this book is two-fold. Firstly, it is aimed at bringing to gether key research articles concerned with methodologies for knowledge discovery in databases and their applications. Secondly, it also contains articles discussing fundamentals of rough sets and their relationship to fuzzy sets, machine learning, management of uncertainty and systems of logic for formal reasoning about knowledge. Applications of rough sets in different areas such as medicine, logic design, image processing and expert systems are also represented. The articles included in the book are based on selected papers presented at the International Workshop on Rough Sets and Knowledge Discovery held in Banff, Canada in 1993. The primary methodological approach emphasized in the book is the mathematical theory of rough sets, a relatively new branch of mathematics concerned with the modeling and analysis of classification problems with imprecise, uncertain, or incomplete information. The methods of the theory of rough sets have applications in many sub-areas of artificial intelligence including knowledge discovery, machine learning, formal reasoning in the presence of uncertainty, knowledge acquisition, and others. This spectrum of applications is reflected in this book where articles, although centered around knowledge discovery problems, touch a number of related issues. The book is intended to provide an important reference material for students, researchers, and developers working in the areas of knowledge discovery, machine learning, reasoning with uncertainty, adaptive expert systems, and pattern classification.
Author: Yves Deville
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447132343
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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Book Description
This volume contains extended versions of papers presented at the Third International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR 93) held in Louvain-la-Neuve in July 1993. Much of the success of the workshop is due to Yves Deville who served as Organizer and Chair. Many people believe that machine support for the development and evolution of software will play a critical role in future software engineering environments. Machine support requires the formalization of the artifacts and processes that arise during the software lifecycle. Logic languages are unique in providing a uniform declarative notation for precisely describing application domains, software requirements, and for prescribing behavior via logic programs. Program synthesis and transfonnation techniques formalize the process of developing correct and efficient programs from requirement specifications. The natural intersection of these two fields of research has been the focus of the LOPSTR workshops. The papers in this volume address many aspects of software develop ment including: deductive synthesis, inductive synthesis, transforma tions for optimizing programs and exploiting parallelism, program analysis techniques (particularly via abstract interpretation), meta programming languages and tool support, and various extensions to Prolog-like languages, admitting non-Horn clauses, functions, and constraints. Despite the progress represented in this volume, the transition from laboratory to practice is fraught with difficulties.
