Author: Balamurugan Balusamy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Today's fast-evolving business landscape has created a significant challenge - the gap between basic scientific research and commercial innovation. Groundbreaking discoveries in laboratories need to translate into sustainable business solutions. The interplay between foundational scientific principles and their application in the commercial sphere is complex, making it difficult to bridge the gap. To tackle this problem, the book Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business offers a comprehensive exploration of how basic science can drive sustainable innovation in business. By bridging the gap between theory and application, this book provides a roadmap for researchers, academicians, and professionals in basic science, engineering, and management to understand and implement basic science, sustainability, and innovation in business. Through a diverse collection of chapters, readers gain insights into collaborative forces in innovation, ethical dimensions of basic science in commercial contexts, and the operationalization of commercial innovation. Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business guides navigating the sustainable commercialization expedition and cultivating environments for sustainable commercial success.
Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business
Author: Balamurugan Balusamy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Today's fast-evolving business landscape has created a significant challenge - the gap between basic scientific research and commercial innovation. Groundbreaking discoveries in laboratories need to translate into sustainable business solutions. The interplay between foundational scientific principles and their application in the commercial sphere is complex, making it difficult to bridge the gap. To tackle this problem, the book Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business offers a comprehensive exploration of how basic science can drive sustainable innovation in business. By bridging the gap between theory and application, this book provides a roadmap for researchers, academicians, and professionals in basic science, engineering, and management to understand and implement basic science, sustainability, and innovation in business. Through a diverse collection of chapters, readers gain insights into collaborative forces in innovation, ethical dimensions of basic science in commercial contexts, and the operationalization of commercial innovation. Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business guides navigating the sustainable commercialization expedition and cultivating environments for sustainable commercial success.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Today's fast-evolving business landscape has created a significant challenge - the gap between basic scientific research and commercial innovation. Groundbreaking discoveries in laboratories need to translate into sustainable business solutions. The interplay between foundational scientific principles and their application in the commercial sphere is complex, making it difficult to bridge the gap. To tackle this problem, the book Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business offers a comprehensive exploration of how basic science can drive sustainable innovation in business. By bridging the gap between theory and application, this book provides a roadmap for researchers, academicians, and professionals in basic science, engineering, and management to understand and implement basic science, sustainability, and innovation in business. Through a diverse collection of chapters, readers gain insights into collaborative forces in innovation, ethical dimensions of basic science in commercial contexts, and the operationalization of commercial innovation. Unleashing the Power of Basic Science in Business guides navigating the sustainable commercialization expedition and cultivating environments for sustainable commercial success.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science 2022 (iCAST-SS 2022)
Author: Amiril Azizah
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 2494069831
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 804
Book Description
This is an open access book. The 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (iCAST) 2022, organized by the Indonesian Polytechnics Consortium will be held in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia from 23-24 October 2022. This prestigious conference is aimed at bringing together researchers and experts in intelligent technology and social science from educational institutions, R & D, industry, government and the community to exchange and share ideas or knowledges through a discussion of a wide range of issues related to Smart Manufacturing in Digital Transformation Industri 4.0 for Sustainable Economic Growth to Face Society 5.0.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 2494069831
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 804
Book Description
This is an open access book. The 5th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (iCAST) 2022, organized by the Indonesian Polytechnics Consortium will be held in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia from 23-24 October 2022. This prestigious conference is aimed at bringing together researchers and experts in intelligent technology and social science from educational institutions, R & D, industry, government and the community to exchange and share ideas or knowledges through a discussion of a wide range of issues related to Smart Manufacturing in Digital Transformation Industri 4.0 for Sustainable Economic Growth to Face Society 5.0.
Make or Break Issues in IT Management
Author: Dan Remenyi
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136387080
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 350
Book Description
First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136387080
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 350
Book Description
First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Integrated Experiential Coaching
Author: Lloyd Chapman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429915004
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 162
Book Description
'Coaching is growing across the globe as a viable and useful intervention to help executives deal with the complexity they face day-to-day. In response to this increased demand, many coaches have presented their "model" of coaching to the world of business, and a number of these have made it into print. Few are based on a rigorous development process or have provided the reader with an insight into their development. The Author wanted to offer to the readers of our professional coaching series the opportunity to engage with a practitioner who had been through a journey of learning built on their experience, the literature and research. This book meets the need identified for a clear and rigorous account by an experienced coach of the development of their model within the scientist-practitioner framework.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429915004
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 162
Book Description
'Coaching is growing across the globe as a viable and useful intervention to help executives deal with the complexity they face day-to-day. In response to this increased demand, many coaches have presented their "model" of coaching to the world of business, and a number of these have made it into print. Few are based on a rigorous development process or have provided the reader with an insight into their development. The Author wanted to offer to the readers of our professional coaching series the opportunity to engage with a practitioner who had been through a journey of learning built on their experience, the literature and research. This book meets the need identified for a clear and rigorous account by an experienced coach of the development of their model within the scientist-practitioner framework.
Powerful Teaching
Author: Pooja K. Agarwal
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394324901
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 359
Book Description
Unleash powerful teaching and the science of learning in your classroom Powerful Teaching: Unleash the Science of Learning empowers educators to harness rigorous research on how students learn and unleash it in their classrooms. In this book, cognitive scientist Pooja K. Agarwal, Ph.D., and veteran K–12 teacher Patrice M. Bain, Ed.S., decipher cognitive science research and illustrate ways to successfully apply the science of learning in classrooms settings. This practical resource is filled with evidence-based strategies that are easily implemented in less than a minute—without additional prepping, grading, or funding! Research demonstrates that these powerful strategies raise student achievement by a letter grade or more; boost learning for diverse students, grade levels, and subject areas; and enhance students’ higher order learning and transfer of knowledge beyond the classroom. Drawing on a fifteen-year scientist-teacher collaboration, more than 100 years of research on learning, and rich experiences from educators in K–12 and higher education, the authors present highly accessible step-by-step guidance on how to transform teaching with four essential strategies: Retrieval practice, spacing, interleaving, and feedback-driven metacognition. With Powerful Teaching, you will: Develop a deep understanding of powerful teaching strategies based on the science of learning Gain insight from real-world examples of how evidence-based strategies are being implemented in a variety of academic settings Think critically about your current teaching practices from a research-based perspective Develop tools to share the science of learning with students and parents, ensuring success inside and outside the classroom Powerful Teaching: Unleash the Science of Learning is an indispensable resource for educators who want to take their instruction to the next level. Equipped with scientific knowledge and evidence-based tools, turn your teaching into powerful teaching and unleash student learning in your classroom.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394324901
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 359
Book Description
Unleash powerful teaching and the science of learning in your classroom Powerful Teaching: Unleash the Science of Learning empowers educators to harness rigorous research on how students learn and unleash it in their classrooms. In this book, cognitive scientist Pooja K. Agarwal, Ph.D., and veteran K–12 teacher Patrice M. Bain, Ed.S., decipher cognitive science research and illustrate ways to successfully apply the science of learning in classrooms settings. This practical resource is filled with evidence-based strategies that are easily implemented in less than a minute—without additional prepping, grading, or funding! Research demonstrates that these powerful strategies raise student achievement by a letter grade or more; boost learning for diverse students, grade levels, and subject areas; and enhance students’ higher order learning and transfer of knowledge beyond the classroom. Drawing on a fifteen-year scientist-teacher collaboration, more than 100 years of research on learning, and rich experiences from educators in K–12 and higher education, the authors present highly accessible step-by-step guidance on how to transform teaching with four essential strategies: Retrieval practice, spacing, interleaving, and feedback-driven metacognition. With Powerful Teaching, you will: Develop a deep understanding of powerful teaching strategies based on the science of learning Gain insight from real-world examples of how evidence-based strategies are being implemented in a variety of academic settings Think critically about your current teaching practices from a research-based perspective Develop tools to share the science of learning with students and parents, ensuring success inside and outside the classroom Powerful Teaching: Unleash the Science of Learning is an indispensable resource for educators who want to take their instruction to the next level. Equipped with scientific knowledge and evidence-based tools, turn your teaching into powerful teaching and unleash student learning in your classroom.
Creating Value for All
Author:
Publisher: UN
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
The extreme prevalence of poverty in today's world calls us urgently for action. Yet the poor harbour a potential for consumption, production, innovation and entrepreneurial activity that is largely untapped. This report shows how entrepreneurs can serve the poor as clients and customers and can also include the poor as producers, employees and business owners. The report's main message: Business with the poor can create value for all. The publication draws on 50 specially commissioned case studies of businesses that have successfully included the poor, despite the constraints, and created value for all. The cases afford the wealth of ideas for inclusive business models
Publisher: UN
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
The extreme prevalence of poverty in today's world calls us urgently for action. Yet the poor harbour a potential for consumption, production, innovation and entrepreneurial activity that is largely untapped. This report shows how entrepreneurs can serve the poor as clients and customers and can also include the poor as producers, employees and business owners. The report's main message: Business with the poor can create value for all. The publication draws on 50 specially commissioned case studies of businesses that have successfully included the poor, despite the constraints, and created value for all. The cases afford the wealth of ideas for inclusive business models
Heart!
Author: Timothy D. Kanold
Publisher: Solution Tree Press
ISBN: 1943874441
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 299
Book Description
This inspiring book presents the concept of a heartprint -- the distinctive impression that an educator's heart leaves on students and colleagues during his or her professional career. For teachers, understand how teacher motivation, teacher-student relationships, and collaborative teaching all affect your self-efficacy, career, and professional development. For school leaders and administrators, discover your impact on staff, students, and school culture as you progress in your career and gain perspective on creating sustainable change. Examine the 5 HEART aspects of your professional life: Happiness: a passion for teaching, a purpose, and a desire to positively impact education Engagement: teacher motivation, energy, and effort necessary to impact student learning Alliances: relationships, collaborative teaching, and teacher support Risk: vision-focused risk taking to create sustainable change in schools Thought: the knowledge and professional development integral to advancing your career Discover Your Answer to the Question "Why Teach" and Advance Your Career in Education: Reflect on your journey and the personal and professional qualities of the teacher or leader you want to be. Discover your distinctive heartprint on your students and colleagues, and decide what the qualities of a good teacher are for you. Gain personal development plan ideas and inspirational insights from Dr. Kanold as well as dozens of thought leaders and researchers. Connect your professional life to each chapter and reconnect to the emotion, passion, energy, growth, and collaborative intimacy expected when joining the teaching profession. Build collective teacher efficacy and academic optimism by using the resource as a book study for professional development. Contents: Part 1: H Is for Happiness Chapter 1: The Happiness Dilemma Chapter 2: The Happiness-Passion Connection Chapter 3: What's Love Got to Do With It? Chapter 4: Got Compassion? Check! Chapter 5: Wanted--Persons of Positive Character and Hope Chapter 6: The Joy-Gratitude-Stability Connection Chapter 7: Why Should We Weep? Final Thoughts: The World Happiness Report Part 2: E Is for Engagement Chapter 8: Gallup Says--Full Engagement Not Ahead Chapter 9: Getting Engaged! Chapter 10: It's Energy, Not Time Chapter 11: Name That Energy Quadrant Chapter 12: Avoid the Quadrant III Drift Chapter 13: Quadrant II Time Required Chapter 14: Grit--Deliberate Daily Practice Final Thoughts: The MTXE Perspective Part 3: A Is for Alliances Chapter 15: The Primary Purposes of Collaboration Chapter 16: PLCs--Serving the Greater Good Chapter 17: Oh, the Inequity Places We'll Go! Chapter 18: Reduce Our Professional Noise Chapter 19: Relational Intelligence Required Chapter 20: What Are Those Black Boxes? Chapter 21: Celebration--Making Above and Beyond the Norm the Norm Final Thoughts: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success Part 4: R Is for Risk Chapter 22: What's in a Goal? Chapter 23: Shared Purpose--Each and Every Child Can Learn Chapter 24: Results or Persons? Chapter 25: The Risk-Vision Dependency Chapter 26: Build Trust the Millennial Way Chapter 27: Fixed or Growth Mindset? Chapter 28: Warning--Entropy Ahead! Final Thoughts: A Sense of Urgency Part 5: T Is for Thought Chapter 29: Your Great Adventure! Chapter 30: Your Voice of Wisdom Chapter 31: Clean Up the Climate Chapter 32: Become a Feedback Fanatic Chapter 33: Yours, Mine, and Ours Final Thoughts: Hold the Mayo!
Publisher: Solution Tree Press
ISBN: 1943874441
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 299
Book Description
This inspiring book presents the concept of a heartprint -- the distinctive impression that an educator's heart leaves on students and colleagues during his or her professional career. For teachers, understand how teacher motivation, teacher-student relationships, and collaborative teaching all affect your self-efficacy, career, and professional development. For school leaders and administrators, discover your impact on staff, students, and school culture as you progress in your career and gain perspective on creating sustainable change. Examine the 5 HEART aspects of your professional life: Happiness: a passion for teaching, a purpose, and a desire to positively impact education Engagement: teacher motivation, energy, and effort necessary to impact student learning Alliances: relationships, collaborative teaching, and teacher support Risk: vision-focused risk taking to create sustainable change in schools Thought: the knowledge and professional development integral to advancing your career Discover Your Answer to the Question "Why Teach" and Advance Your Career in Education: Reflect on your journey and the personal and professional qualities of the teacher or leader you want to be. Discover your distinctive heartprint on your students and colleagues, and decide what the qualities of a good teacher are for you. Gain personal development plan ideas and inspirational insights from Dr. Kanold as well as dozens of thought leaders and researchers. Connect your professional life to each chapter and reconnect to the emotion, passion, energy, growth, and collaborative intimacy expected when joining the teaching profession. Build collective teacher efficacy and academic optimism by using the resource as a book study for professional development. Contents: Part 1: H Is for Happiness Chapter 1: The Happiness Dilemma Chapter 2: The Happiness-Passion Connection Chapter 3: What's Love Got to Do With It? Chapter 4: Got Compassion? Check! Chapter 5: Wanted--Persons of Positive Character and Hope Chapter 6: The Joy-Gratitude-Stability Connection Chapter 7: Why Should We Weep? Final Thoughts: The World Happiness Report Part 2: E Is for Engagement Chapter 8: Gallup Says--Full Engagement Not Ahead Chapter 9: Getting Engaged! Chapter 10: It's Energy, Not Time Chapter 11: Name That Energy Quadrant Chapter 12: Avoid the Quadrant III Drift Chapter 13: Quadrant II Time Required Chapter 14: Grit--Deliberate Daily Practice Final Thoughts: The MTXE Perspective Part 3: A Is for Alliances Chapter 15: The Primary Purposes of Collaboration Chapter 16: PLCs--Serving the Greater Good Chapter 17: Oh, the Inequity Places We'll Go! Chapter 18: Reduce Our Professional Noise Chapter 19: Relational Intelligence Required Chapter 20: What Are Those Black Boxes? Chapter 21: Celebration--Making Above and Beyond the Norm the Norm Final Thoughts: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success Part 4: R Is for Risk Chapter 22: What's in a Goal? Chapter 23: Shared Purpose--Each and Every Child Can Learn Chapter 24: Results or Persons? Chapter 25: The Risk-Vision Dependency Chapter 26: Build Trust the Millennial Way Chapter 27: Fixed or Growth Mindset? Chapter 28: Warning--Entropy Ahead! Final Thoughts: A Sense of Urgency Part 5: T Is for Thought Chapter 29: Your Great Adventure! Chapter 30: Your Voice of Wisdom Chapter 31: Clean Up the Climate Chapter 32: Become a Feedback Fanatic Chapter 33: Yours, Mine, and Ours Final Thoughts: Hold the Mayo!
Plutocrats
Author: Chrystia Freeland
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1101595949
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
A Financial Times Best Book of the Year Shortlisted for the Lionel Gelber Prize There has always been some gap between rich and poor in this country, but recently what it means to be rich has changed dramatically. Forget the 1 percent—Plutocrats proves that it is the wealthiest 0.1 percent who are outpacing the rest of us at breakneck speed. Most of these new fortunes are not inherited, amassed instead by perceptive businesspeople who see themselves as deserving victors in a cutthroat international competition. With empathy and intelligence, Plutocrats reveals the consequences of concentrating the world’s wealth into fewer and fewer hands. Propelled by fascinating original interviews with the plutocrats themselves, Plutocrats is a tour de force of social and economic history, the definitive examination of inequality in our time.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1101595949
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
A Financial Times Best Book of the Year Shortlisted for the Lionel Gelber Prize There has always been some gap between rich and poor in this country, but recently what it means to be rich has changed dramatically. Forget the 1 percent—Plutocrats proves that it is the wealthiest 0.1 percent who are outpacing the rest of us at breakneck speed. Most of these new fortunes are not inherited, amassed instead by perceptive businesspeople who see themselves as deserving victors in a cutthroat international competition. With empathy and intelligence, Plutocrats reveals the consequences of concentrating the world’s wealth into fewer and fewer hands. Propelled by fascinating original interviews with the plutocrats themselves, Plutocrats is a tour de force of social and economic history, the definitive examination of inequality in our time.
Knowing Capitalism
Author: Nigel Thrift
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1446239144
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 510
Book Description
′This is an ambitious, original, and complex treatment of key aspects of contemporary capitalism. It makes a major contribution because it profoundly destabilizes the scholarship on globalization, the so-called new economy, information technology, distinct contemporary business cultures and practices′ - Saskia Sassen, author of Globalization and its Discontents ′Nigel Thrift offers us the sort of cultural analysis of global capitalism that has long been needed - one that emphasizes the innovative energy of global capitalism. The book avoids stale denouncements and offers instead a view of capitalism as a form of practice′ - Karin Knorr Cetina, Professor of Sociology, University of Konstanz, Germany Capitalism is well known for producing a form of existence where `everything solid melts into air′. But what happens when capitalism develops theories about itself? Are we moving into a condition in which capitalism can be said to possess a brain? These questions are pursued in this sparkling and thought-provoking book. Thrift looks at what he calls ′the cultural circuit of capitalism′, the mechanism for generating new theories of capitalism. The book traces the rise of this circuit back to the 1960s when a series of institutions locked together to interrogate capitalism, to the present day, when these institutions are moving out to the Pacific basin and beyond. What have these theories produced? How have they been implicated in the speculative bubbles that characterized the late twentieth century? What part have they played in developing our understanding of human relations? Building on an inter-disciplinary approach which embraces the core social sciences, Thrift outlines an exciting new theory for understanding capitalism. His book is of interest to readers in geography, social theory, anthropology and cultural economics.
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1446239144
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 510
Book Description
′This is an ambitious, original, and complex treatment of key aspects of contemporary capitalism. It makes a major contribution because it profoundly destabilizes the scholarship on globalization, the so-called new economy, information technology, distinct contemporary business cultures and practices′ - Saskia Sassen, author of Globalization and its Discontents ′Nigel Thrift offers us the sort of cultural analysis of global capitalism that has long been needed - one that emphasizes the innovative energy of global capitalism. The book avoids stale denouncements and offers instead a view of capitalism as a form of practice′ - Karin Knorr Cetina, Professor of Sociology, University of Konstanz, Germany Capitalism is well known for producing a form of existence where `everything solid melts into air′. But what happens when capitalism develops theories about itself? Are we moving into a condition in which capitalism can be said to possess a brain? These questions are pursued in this sparkling and thought-provoking book. Thrift looks at what he calls ′the cultural circuit of capitalism′, the mechanism for generating new theories of capitalism. The book traces the rise of this circuit back to the 1960s when a series of institutions locked together to interrogate capitalism, to the present day, when these institutions are moving out to the Pacific basin and beyond. What have these theories produced? How have they been implicated in the speculative bubbles that characterized the late twentieth century? What part have they played in developing our understanding of human relations? Building on an inter-disciplinary approach which embraces the core social sciences, Thrift outlines an exciting new theory for understanding capitalism. His book is of interest to readers in geography, social theory, anthropology and cultural economics.
The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge
Author: Abraham Flexner
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691174768
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 104
Book Description
A short, provocative book about why "useless" science often leads to humanity's greatest technological breakthroughs A forty-year tightening of funding for scientific research has meant that resources are increasingly directed toward applied or practical outcomes, with the intent of creating products of immediate value. In such a scenario, it makes sense to focus on the most identifiable and urgent problems, right? Actually, it doesn't. In his classic essay "The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge," Abraham Flexner, the founding director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the man who helped bring Albert Einstein to the United States, describes a great paradox of scientific research. The search for answers to deep questions, motivated solely by curiosity and without concern for applications, often leads not only to the greatest scientific discoveries but also to the most revolutionary technological breakthroughs. In short, no quantum mechanics, no computer chips. This brief book includes Flexner's timeless 1939 essay alongside a new companion essay by Robbert Dijkgraaf, the Institute's current director, in which he shows that Flexner's defense of the value of "the unobstructed pursuit of useless knowledge" may be even more relevant today than it was in the early twentieth century. Dijkgraaf describes how basic research has led to major transformations in the past century and explains why it is an essential precondition of innovation and the first step in social and cultural change. He makes the case that society can achieve deeper understanding and practical progress today and tomorrow only by truly valuing and substantially funding the curiosity-driven "pursuit of useless knowledge" in both the sciences and the humanities.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691174768
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 104
Book Description
A short, provocative book about why "useless" science often leads to humanity's greatest technological breakthroughs A forty-year tightening of funding for scientific research has meant that resources are increasingly directed toward applied or practical outcomes, with the intent of creating products of immediate value. In such a scenario, it makes sense to focus on the most identifiable and urgent problems, right? Actually, it doesn't. In his classic essay "The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge," Abraham Flexner, the founding director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the man who helped bring Albert Einstein to the United States, describes a great paradox of scientific research. The search for answers to deep questions, motivated solely by curiosity and without concern for applications, often leads not only to the greatest scientific discoveries but also to the most revolutionary technological breakthroughs. In short, no quantum mechanics, no computer chips. This brief book includes Flexner's timeless 1939 essay alongside a new companion essay by Robbert Dijkgraaf, the Institute's current director, in which he shows that Flexner's defense of the value of "the unobstructed pursuit of useless knowledge" may be even more relevant today than it was in the early twentieth century. Dijkgraaf describes how basic research has led to major transformations in the past century and explains why it is an essential precondition of innovation and the first step in social and cultural change. He makes the case that society can achieve deeper understanding and practical progress today and tomorrow only by truly valuing and substantially funding the curiosity-driven "pursuit of useless knowledge" in both the sciences and the humanities.