Klamath Falls Tracer Tests PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geothermal resources
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
The chemicals under consideration for tracing in the Klamath Falls geothermal reservoir are Potassium-iodide, Rhodamine WT and Fluorescein. The latter two belong to a group of organic chemicals known as xanthene dyes. The advantages of using Fluorescein and Rhodamine WT are that fluorometry can be used to measure concentrations, the equipment used is relatively inexpensive, the process is straight forward and simple, and the minimum detectability is in the ppm to ppb range. The health hazard of both dyes are minimal at worst; they have been used to trace blood flow in living animals. Potassium-iodide is an inorganic chemical which is soluble in cold water (127.5 g/l00cc). When used as a tracer the iodide is detected using a specific ion electrode the detect ability is in the ppm range. Since the concentration of iodide in ground water is extremely low iodide is prefered over other halides (chloride, bromide). The advantages of using potassium-iodide for a fluid tracer is that like the fluorescent dyes the method is simple and no expensive highly elaborate systems are needed for quantitative measurement. Also, potassium-iodide is non-toxic, thus posing no health hazard if the test aquifer mixes with a drinking water supply.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geothermal resources
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
The chemicals under consideration for tracing in the Klamath Falls geothermal reservoir are Potassium-iodide, Rhodamine WT and Fluorescein. The latter two belong to a group of organic chemicals known as xanthene dyes. The advantages of using Fluorescein and Rhodamine WT are that fluorometry can be used to measure concentrations, the equipment used is relatively inexpensive, the process is straight forward and simple, and the minimum detectability is in the ppm to ppb range. The health hazard of both dyes are minimal at worst; they have been used to trace blood flow in living animals. Potassium-iodide is an inorganic chemical which is soluble in cold water (127.5 g/l00cc). When used as a tracer the iodide is detected using a specific ion electrode the detect ability is in the ppm range. Since the concentration of iodide in ground water is extremely low iodide is prefered over other halides (chloride, bromide). The advantages of using potassium-iodide for a fluid tracer is that like the fluorescent dyes the method is simple and no expensive highly elaborate systems are needed for quantitative measurement. Also, potassium-iodide is non-toxic, thus posing no health hazard if the test aquifer mixes with a drinking water supply.
Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
A tracer test was carried out in a geothermal doublet system to study the injection behavior of a developed reservoir known to be fractured. The doublet produces about 320 gpm of 160 F water that is used for space heating and then injected; the wells are spaced 250 ft apart. Tracer breakthrough was observed in 2 hours and 45 minutes in the production well, indicating fracture flow. However, the tracer concentrations were low and indicated porous media flow; the tracers mixed with a reservoir volume much larger than a fracture.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Two tracer tests on doublet systems in a fractured geothermal system were carried out in Klamath Falls, Oregon. The purpose of the tests were to obtain data which would lead to information about the reservoir and to test the applicability of current tracer flow models. The results show rapid breakthrough times and indicate fracture flow with vigorous mixing of injector fluid before production of same. This leads to the idea that thermal breakthrough is not directly related to tracer breakthrough in the Klamath Union doublet system. There has been no long-term enthalpy loss from exploiting the resource for 40 years. In order to reduce the data, models were developed to analyze the results. Along with a porous media flow model two mathematical models developed to analyze fractured geothermal systems are used to help decipher the various tracer return curves. The flow of tracers in doublet systems was investigated. A mathematical description is used for tracer flow through fractures as a function of time and various nonlinear parameters which can be found using a curve fitting technique. This allows the reservoir to be qualitatively defined. These models fit the data well, but point to the fact that future improvement needs to be considered for a clearer and more quantitative understanding of fractured geothermal systems. 22 refs., 32 figs., 11 tabs.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Two tracer tests on doublet systems in a fractured geothermal system were carried out in Klamath Falls, Oregon. The purpose of the tests were to obtain data which would lead to information about the reservoir and to test the applicability of current tracer flow models. The results show rapid breakthrough times and indicate fracture flow with vigorous mixing of injector fluid before production of same. This leads to the idea that thermal breakthrough is not directly related to tracer breakthrough in the Klamath Union doublet system. There has been no long-term enthalpy loss from exploiting the resource for 40 years. In order to reduce the data, models were developed to analyze the results. Along with a porous media flow model two mathematical models developed to analyze fractured geothermal systems are used to help decipher the various tracer return curves. The flow of tracers in doublet systems was investigated. A mathematical description is used for tracer flow through fractures as a function of time and various nonlinear parameters which can be found using a curve fitting technique. This allows the reservoir to be qualitatively defined. These models fit the data well, but point to the fact that future improvement needs to be considered for a clearer and more quantitative understanding of fractured geothermal systems. 22 refs., 32 figs., 11 tabs.
Author: Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geology
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 292
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geothermal engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Author: E. Okandan
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400936915
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 327
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Book Description
During the oil crisis of 1973, we suddenly became aware that fossil fuel resources are limited and will be exhausted soon if new alternatives are not put into use immediately. Conservation measures and extensive research on new sources of energy has eased the demand on fossil fuels, especially crude oil. Geothermal energy as an alternative; source had its share in this devel opment and electricity producing capacity increased from 700 to 4700 MWe during 1970 to 1985. Geothermal reservoir engineering emerged as an impor tant field in the assessment of geothermal sources. During the 25 years of its development, several areas were identified that needed further at tention for the correct description and interpretation of reservoir be havior. This fact as accepted by all operators is vital for the steady and continuous operation of power plants. During this NATO ASI, a detailed review of theory and field case his tories on geothermal reservoir engineering was presented. In understanding .the reservoir, conceptual models, natural state models, well bore measure ments, transient and tracer testing provide data which are indispensable. They are powerful tools in understanding reservoir behavior provided we know how to interpret them. During lectures the theory and practical applications of these interpretive methods were discussed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geology
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geothermal engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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