Factors Influencing Income Inequality in Transition Economies PDF Download
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Author: Anneli Kaasa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Author: Anneli Kaasa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Author: Helje Kaldaru
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Author: Branko Milanovi?
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821339947
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
World Bank Technical Paper No. 394. Joint Forest Management (JFM) has emerged as an important intervention in the management of Indias forest resources. This report sets out an analytical method for examining the costs and benefits of JFM arrangements. Two pilot case studies in which the method was used demonstrate interesting outcomes regarding incentives for various groups to participate. The main objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of the incentives for communities to participate in JFM.
Author: Branko Milanović
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
The collapse of Communism proved to be an epoch of great turmoil. The period witnessed dramatic declines in income, growing poverty and unemployment, and great uncertainty, but also the making of great fortunes, the availability of consumer goods of incomparably better quality, and opportunities for people to control and alter their lives. This book studies income, inequality, and poverty during this remarkable period and the "construction" of capitalism in eighteen former socialist countries--from the Czech Republic in the West to Kazakhstan and Russia in the East. It examines what has happened to the real incomes of the population, to the inequality with which incomes and expenditures are distributed, and to poverty and explores reasons for these changes.
Author: Mr.Eswar Prasad
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451843100
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
This paper challenges the conventional wisdom that income inequality in Poland increased substantially following the economic transition in 1989–90. The results, based on micro data from the 1985–92 Household Budget Surveys, indicate that overall income inequality increased during the initial stages of the transition but then declined to pre-transition levels. Consumption distributions reveal a similar pattern. However, earnings inequality did increase markedly after the transition and the relative well-being of different socio-economic groups was altered. Absolute poverty levels increased during the transition, but this increase is attributable to declines in mean income and consumption rather than to changes in inequality.
Author: Michael P. Keane
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Author: Rosser, Jr. (J. Barkley)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
For transition economies, income inequality is positively correlated with the share of output in the informal economy. Increases in income inequality also tend to be correlated with increases in the share of output produced in the informal economy. These hypotheses are supported significantly by empirical data for 16 transition economies between 1987 to 1989 and 1993 to 1994. Various causal mechanisms may operate in both directions, an increasingly large informal economy causing more inequality due to falling tax revenues and weakened social safety nets, and increasing inequality causing more informal activity as social solidarity and trust decline.
Author: John Flemming
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Europe, Central
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Author: Branko Milanovic
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Since the beginning of transition to market economy, inequality has increased in all transition countries. The factors driving inequality up: increasing wage inequality (as workers move from a relatively egalitarian state sector to a less equal private sector), and the rising share of income from self-employment and property (both very unequally distributed). Social transfers have failed to dampen the increase in inequality because they have remained, as under socialism, unfocused. The transition from planned to market economy has witnessed one of the biggest and fastest increases in inequality ever recorded. On average, inequality in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union increased from a Gini coefficient of 25?28 (below the OECD average) to 35?38 (above OECD average) in less than 10 years. In some countries, such as Bulgaria, Russia, and Ukraine, the increase in inequality has been even more dramatic, outpacing the yearly speed of Gini increase in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1980s by three to four times. What are the factors pushing inequality up? Milanovic constructs a simple model of transition defined as the removal of restriction on private sector development. As the private sector becomes free, it attracts workers who leave the shrinking state sector. Wage inequality in the private sector is greater than in the old, relatively egalitarian state sector. This is one of the forces pushing inequality up. The second is the growth of income from self-employment and property, both of which are fairly unequal sources of income both before the transition and now. In addition, some of the released state sector workers remain unemployed. Their incomes decline. Increased inequality is thus accompanied by the hollowing out of the middle class (where the middle class is defined as the former state sector workers). One part of state sector workers moves to higher incomes as workers in the private sector or entrepreneurs; another remains jobless. The model is contrasted with the actual developments in six transition economies: Bulgaria (over 1989-95), Hungary (1987-93), Latvia (1989-96), Poland (1987-95), Russia (1989-94), and Slovenia (1987-95). In all countries, wage inequality has increased (in some, like Russia, dramatically); income from self-employment has remained as unequal as before but its share in total income has risen, and the importance of social transfers in total income has increased, but its focus on the poor has not improved. This paper - a product of the Development Economics Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study social issues in transition economies.
Author: Theo S. Eicher
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262550644
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
Even minute increases in a country's growth rate can result in dramatic changes in living standards over just one generation. The benefits of growth, however, may not be shared equally. Some may gain less than others, and a fraction of the population may actually be disadvantaged. Recent economic research has found both positive and negative relationships between growth and inequality across nations. The questions raised by these results include: What is the impact on inequality of policies designed to foster growth? Does inequality by itself facilitate or detract from economic growth, and does it amplify or diminish policy effectiveness? This book provides a forum for economists to examine the theoretical, empirical, and policy issues involved in the relationship between growth and inequality. The aim is to develop a framework for determining the role of public policy in enhancing both growth and equality. The diverse range of topics, examined in both developed and developing countries, includes natural resources, taxation, fertility, redistribution, technological change, transition, labor markets, and education. A theme common to all the essays is the importance of education in reducing inequality and increasing growth.
