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Author: G. B. Boschini Battista Guarini
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781017556551
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: G. B. Boschini Battista Guarini
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781017556551
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Richard Bonney
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Author: William Doyle
Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand
ISBN: 9780198205364
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
In ancien regime France almost all posts of public responsibility had to be bought or inherited. Rather than tax their richer subjects directly, French kings preferred to sell them privileged public offices, which further payments allowed them to sell or bequeath at will. By the eighteenthcentury there were 70,000 venal offices, comprising the entire judiciary, most of the legal profession, officers in the army, and a wide range of other professions - from financiers handling the king's revenues down to auctioneers and even wigmakers. Though now yielding diminishing returns to theking, offices were more in demand than ever for the privileges and prestige, profit and power, that they conferred; and although it was widely accepted that selling public authority was undesirable, nobody imagined that those who had invested in offices could ever be bought out. The Revolutionbrought an unexpected opportunity to do so, but the legacy of venality has marked French institutions down to our day. William Doyle, one of the foremost historians of early modern Europe, has written the first comprehensive history of the last century of venality. He traces the evolution and dissolution of a system which was fundamental to the workings of state and society in France for over threecenturies.
Author: J. F. Bosher
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521077644
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The monarchy of Louis XVI suffered revolution and then destruction after failing to settle its financial difficulties. What precisely were those difficulties? In this book, Professor Bosher shows that the monarchy was financed by a chaotic system of private enterprise which proved increasingly unmanageable and wasteful. Hundreds of profit-seeking accountants - 'capitalists', in the language of the time - stood in the way of reform and even of clear accounting until governments of the French Revolution eventually nationalized the financial system and changed it 'from capitalism into a bureaucracy'. From his close study of the administrative changes Professor Bosher concludes that the National Assembly planned to guard the public finances by bureaucratic organization. 'With a vision of mechanical efficiency and articulation', he writes, 'systems of clock-like checks and balances such as eighteenth-century Frenchmen found everywhere, even in nature itself, the revolutionary planners hoped to prevent corruption, putting their faith in the virtues of organization to offset the vices of the individual men.'
Author: Arthur Augustus Tilley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : French literature
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Author: France
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 37
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Author: Charles Henry Beeson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Latin language, Medieval and modern
Languages : en
Pages : 389
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Author: Georg Heinrich Pertz
Publisher: Legare Street Press
ISBN: 9781016248884
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author: Arsène Darmesteter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : French language
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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Author: France
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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