A Surface Science Study of Model Automotive Emissions Control Catalysis PDF Download
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Author: Robert Ferrizz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 237
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Book Description
Ceria and zirconia are important oxide components of the three-way catalyst (TWC) for automotive emissions control. Simultaneous conversion of harmful exhaust pollutants is enhanced by ceria's ability to store and release oxygen to maintain conditions within a narrow operating window of air-to-fuel ratios. Zirconia increases ceria's effectiveness for oxygen storage, yet a fundamental understanding of this favorable interaction is still lacking. In this thesis, surface-sensitive spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize interactions at ceria-zirconia interfaces and their effect on the activity of model emissions control catalysts. The structure-activity relationships and oxygen transport properties of ceria-based samples were studied primarily using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermal desorption of CO and conversion to CO2 were used as chemical probes of the oxidation and reduction of ceria. NO and CH3OH reactivity on ceria surfaces was used to monitor oxygen vacancy (Ce3+) sites. XPS was used to directly measure the oxidation state of cerium cations. These chemical and spectroscopic probes demonstrated that interactions at the ceria-zirconia interface are responsible for an enhanced reducibility, and therefore enhanced oxygen transport, throughout the ceria layer. This enhanced reducibility results in an increased oxygen storage capacity in the TWC for emissions control.
Author: Robert Ferrizz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 237
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Book Description
Ceria and zirconia are important oxide components of the three-way catalyst (TWC) for automotive emissions control. Simultaneous conversion of harmful exhaust pollutants is enhanced by ceria's ability to store and release oxygen to maintain conditions within a narrow operating window of air-to-fuel ratios. Zirconia increases ceria's effectiveness for oxygen storage, yet a fundamental understanding of this favorable interaction is still lacking. In this thesis, surface-sensitive spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize interactions at ceria-zirconia interfaces and their effect on the activity of model emissions control catalysts. The structure-activity relationships and oxygen transport properties of ceria-based samples were studied primarily using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermal desorption of CO and conversion to CO2 were used as chemical probes of the oxidation and reduction of ceria. NO and CH3OH reactivity on ceria surfaces was used to monitor oxygen vacancy (Ce3+) sites. XPS was used to directly measure the oxidation state of cerium cations. These chemical and spectroscopic probes demonstrated that interactions at the ceria-zirconia interface are responsible for an enhanced reducibility, and therefore enhanced oxygen transport, throughout the ceria layer. This enhanced reducibility results in an increased oxygen storage capacity in the TWC for emissions control.
Author: A. Crucq
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008088749X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 701
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Book Description
This volume constitutes the proceedings of the second symposium on Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control. CAPoC 2 was a great success from the point of view of its scientific interest, as evidenced by the content of this book, and also from the high participation, some 260 scientists. About two-thirds of the contributors came from the industrial world, mainly the car and oil industries and catalyst manufacturers. This is ample proof that exhaust catalysis remains a major topic of interest. The first part of the book is a general introduction to the problem of automotive pollution. The second, strictly catalytic, part is devoted to fundamental and applied studies on pollution control, with emphasis on exhaust catalytic converters.
Author: N. Kruse
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080528619
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 719
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Book Description
In spite of the energy crises and the recession, there has been a global, explosive growth in the amount of motor vehicles. In the past 50 years, the amount has increased from 50 to 700 million vehicles. For economical reasons they will probably continue to be used for a considerable number of years, despite the poor yield of internal combustion engines resulting in the inevitable production of some gaseous pollutants. The subsequent increase of gaseous pollutants in our atmosphere caused by exhaust gas from automobiles has enhanced the problem of the elimination of these pollutants produced by internal combustion engines. Catalysis has proven to be the best solution to lower the content of exhaust gas in pollutants.As its predecessors, CAPoC4 proved to be a suitable platform for discussing technological improvements and developments along with future perspectives and challenges. In the light of new results and further legislative regulations, the following topics were intensely discussed: *low light-off behaviour based on improved catalysts and substrate formulations *efficient adsorber systems for storage of hydrocarbon emissions *electrically heated catalyst systems ahead the main catalyst or, alternatively, close coupled catalysts (at the manifold of the engine) • lean DeNOx catalysts allowing for decomposition of NOx in the oxygen-rich exhaust of direct injection gasoline engines and high speed injection diesel engines or, alternatively, NOx trapping/reduction in a hybrid approach * collection and destruction of dry particulates or soot.There is no doubt that clean vehicle technology is a vital part of improving air quality. Challenges remain and call for technological answers. Catalytic air pollution control is still an area providing a considerable incentive for innovative work.
Author: A. Frennet
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080544681
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 959
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Book Description
These proceedings are based on the third of a series of symposia devoted to the use of catalysis for the depollution of exhaust gases of motor vehicles. Although catalysts have been used for this purpose for some thirty years, the subject is still very topical because of its economic impact. The increasing number of submitted, accepted and published papers amply attests to this fact.
Author: A. Crucq
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080960642
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 521
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Book Description
In June 1984 the EEC Commission proposed new standards of permissible exhaust gas from motor vehicles to be introduced in Europe; these standards were approved by the Ministers of the Environment one year later. As the control of automotive pollution is at present mainly a catalytic problem, it was decided to hold an International Symposium on the subject, and an organizing committee composed of people engaged in catalytic research in the different Belgian Universities was constituted. This was the first Symposium of its kind to be held on an international level, and the quality and scientific interest of the papers presented was exceptional. It is planned to hold a follow-up Symposium in 2 to 3 years' time.The first part of the book is a general introduction to the problem of automotive pollution. The second, properly catalytic, part is devoted to fundamental and applied studies on pollution control, with emphasis on exhaust catalytic converters.
Author: Ioannis V. Yentekakis
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039360361
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
The important advances achieved over the past years in all technological directions (industry, energy, and health) contributing to human well-being are unfortunately, in many cases, accompanied by a threat to the environment, with photochemical smog, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain, global warming, and finally climate change being the most well-known major issues. These are the results of a variety of pollutants emitted through these human activities. The indications show that we are already at a tipping point that might lead to non-linear and sudden environmental change on a global scale. Aiming to tackle these adverse effects in an attempt to mitigate any damage that has already occurred and to ensure that we are heading toward a cleaner (green) and sustainable future, scientists around the world are developing tools and techniques to understand, monitor, protect, and improve the environment. Emissions control catalysis is continuously advancing, providing novel, multifunctional, and optimally promoted using a variety of methods, nano-structured catalytic materials, and strategies (e.g., energy chemicals recycling, cyclic economy) that enable us to effectively control emissions, either of mobile or stationary sources, improving the quality of air (outdoor and indoor) and water and the energy economy. Representative cases include the abatement and/or recycling of CO2, CO, NOx, N2O, NH3, CH4, higher hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and specific industrial emissions (e.g., SOx, H2S, dioxins aromatics, and biogas). The “Emissions Control Catalysis” Special Issue has succeeded in collecting 22 high-quality contributions, included in this MDPI open access book, covering recent research progress in a variety of fields relevant to the above topics and/or applications, mainly on: (i) NOx catalytic reduction from cars (i.e., TWC) and industry (SCR) emissions; (ii) CO, CH4, and other hydrocarbons removal, and (iii) CO2 capture/recirculation combining emissions control with added-value chemicals production.
Author: Ronald M. Heck
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470275030
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 548
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Book Description
Catalytic Air Pollution Control: Commercial Technology is the primary source for commercial catalytic air pollution control technology, offering engineers a comprehensive account of all modern catalytic technology. This Third Edition covers all the new advances in technology in automotive catalyst control technology, diesel engine catalyst control technology, small engine catalyst control technology, and alternate sustainable fuels for auto and diesel.
Author: Daniel J. Dwyer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 384
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Book Description
Presents an excellent overview of the impact of surface science on the field of catalysis. Explores the exciting new advances in surface science and catalysis, which for the first time allow for direct spectroscopic and kinetic observation of surface reactions. Twenty-two chapters cover fundamental aspects of catalytic reactions at surfaces, applications of surface probes to the study of catalytic reactions and kinetics, and novel aspects of catalytic reactions at surfaces. Highlights the success of surface science techniques in the study of industrially important catalytic processes, including hydrogenation of CO to produce hydrocarbons and methanol, the oxidation of methane to methanol, and conversions of CO to carbon dioxide.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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Book Description
The goal of this research program was to elucidate the structure-activity relationships associated with metal-metal oxide and metal oxide-metal oxide interfaces of relevance in automotive emissions control catalysts. Particular emphasis was placed on explaining the mechanism by which ceria (CeO2) acts as an oxygen storage medium, oxygen transport on the surface and in the bulk of ceria, and how the ceria-zirconia interaction affects oxygen storage capacity and reactivity. These properties were studied using x-ray surface scattering, pulsed neutron scattering, termperature programmed desorption, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. The overall research program was composed of two primary thrust areas: (1) detailed studies of the lattice and defect structures of ceria and mixed ceria-zirconias, and (2) surface science studies of the reactivity of ceria single crystals and ceria thin films supported on zirconia. A brief overview of the significant contribution made in each of these areas is given.
Author: Kathleen C. Taylor
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642694861
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 61
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Book Description
The use of catalytic converters for the purification of automotive exhaust gases is a relatively new technology which was brought into existence by social pressures for the preservation of acceptable environmental conditions. The majority of catalytic practitioners have been able to watch the growth of this technology from its inception to its current state of sophistication. Automotive catalytic converter technology is now in a mature state, and this chapter from Vol. 5 Catalysis: Science and Technology by Dr. K. C. Taylor provides a review which covers both the process chemistry and the most important converter design factors. Contents 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Emission Regulations in the United States. 3. Exhaust Emission Characteristics. . 3 4. 1981 Emission Control Technology. 5 A. Converters. . . 5 B. Control System. 7 8 ~. Catalyst Screening . 6. Laboratory Testing. .10 7. The Chemical Reactions 13 8. Composition of Three-Way Catalysts. 16 A. Rhodium 17 21 B. Platinum. C. Palladium 22 D. Iridium . 22 23 E. Ruthenium and Nickel. F. Cerium Oxide ..... 23 G. Search for Alternatives to Nohle Metals 24 9. Catalyst Supports . 25 A. Pellets .... 26 B. Monoliths . . 26 10. The Transient Behavior of Three-Way Catalysts 27 II. Deterioration of Three-Way Catalysts. 35 A. Thermal Effects. . . . 35 B. Phosphorus Poisoning. . . 37 C. Lead Poisoning. . . . . . · 38 D. Catalyst Poisoning by Sulfur · 40 12. The 0.4 NO,; Research Objective. · 41 13. Control of Diesel Particulate Emissions.
