Yield Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Chicken Fat-tall Oil Blended Feedstocks PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural wastes
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the conversion of chicken fat and tall oil, both individually and in a blend, into biodiesel. The conventional base-catalyzed method of biodiesel production has shown to be inappropriate for the conversion of high free fatty acid-containing feedstocks such as tall oil, due to the undesired saponification reaction that takes place. Likewise, the acid-catalyzed method of biodiesel production has been shown to be inappropriate for the conversion of triglyceride-containing feedstocks, such as chicken fat, due to the long reaction times and large excess of methanol required. Therefore, an alternate reaction pathway was investigated for these two very different feedstocks. Supercritical methanol treatment, which requires no separate catalyst, was the method chosen. Following the development of proper protocol, both chicken fat and tall oil fatty acids were reacted in supercritical methanol to produce biodiesel under a matrix of temperatures and methanol to fee stock ratios. Results indicate that the chicken fat and tall oil fatty acids can be converted successfully in a single step with yields in excess of 89% (out of 91% max) and 94% respectively. The optimum temperature and excess methanol was determined, and the results suggest the use of a two step process involving the initial hydrolysis of triglyceride-containing feeds followed by the supercritical esterification of the resulting/existing free fatty acids. The results of one such test proved to be satisfactory, and are reported herein. Furthermore, crude tall oil was also tested in the system to investigate its viability as a biodiesel feedstock with limited success. Cold flow properties, such as viscosity and cloud point, are reported for the resultant fuels. The viscosities of all of the fuels exceeded the ASTM D6751 acceptable specifications for biodiesel; therefore blending with other biodiesel fuels such as methyl soyate would be required for widespread use of the fuels produced under the conditions reported herein as commercial biodiesel.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural wastes
Languages : en
Pages : 98
Get Book Here
Book Description
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the conversion of chicken fat and tall oil, both individually and in a blend, into biodiesel. The conventional base-catalyzed method of biodiesel production has shown to be inappropriate for the conversion of high free fatty acid-containing feedstocks such as tall oil, due to the undesired saponification reaction that takes place. Likewise, the acid-catalyzed method of biodiesel production has been shown to be inappropriate for the conversion of triglyceride-containing feedstocks, such as chicken fat, due to the long reaction times and large excess of methanol required. Therefore, an alternate reaction pathway was investigated for these two very different feedstocks. Supercritical methanol treatment, which requires no separate catalyst, was the method chosen. Following the development of proper protocol, both chicken fat and tall oil fatty acids were reacted in supercritical methanol to produce biodiesel under a matrix of temperatures and methanol to fee stock ratios. Results indicate that the chicken fat and tall oil fatty acids can be converted successfully in a single step with yields in excess of 89% (out of 91% max) and 94% respectively. The optimum temperature and excess methanol was determined, and the results suggest the use of a two step process involving the initial hydrolysis of triglyceride-containing feeds followed by the supercritical esterification of the resulting/existing free fatty acids. The results of one such test proved to be satisfactory, and are reported herein. Furthermore, crude tall oil was also tested in the system to investigate its viability as a biodiesel feedstock with limited success. Cold flow properties, such as viscosity and cloud point, are reported for the resultant fuels. The viscosities of all of the fuels exceeded the ASTM D6751 acceptable specifications for biodiesel; therefore blending with other biodiesel fuels such as methyl soyate would be required for widespread use of the fuels produced under the conditions reported herein as commercial biodiesel.
Author: Lakhveer Singh
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128215372
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 337
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Book Description
Bioreactors: Sustainable Design and Industrial Applications in Mitigation of GHG Emissions presents and compares the foundational concepts, state-of-the-art design and fabrication of bioreactors. Solidly based on theoretical fundamentals, the book examines various aspects of the commercially available bioreactors, such as construction and fabrication, design, modeling and simulation, development, operation, maintenance, management and target applications for biofuels production and bio-waste management. Emerging issues in commercial feasibility are explored, constraints and pathways for upscaling, and techno-economic assessment are also covered. This book provides researchers and engineers in the biofuels and waste management sectors a clear, at-a-glance understanding of the actual potential of different advanced bioreactors for their requirements. It is a must-have reference for better-informed decisions when selecting the appropriate technology models for sustainable systems development and commercialization. - Focuses on sustainable bioreactor processes and applications in bioenergy and bio-waste management - Explores techno-economic and sustainability assessment aspects through a comparative approach, catering to diverse arrays and applications - Offers comprehensive coverage of the most recent technology, from fundamentals to applications
Author: Bhaskar Singh
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128242310
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Waste and Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Precursors for Catalysts is a comprehensive reference on waste material utilization at various stages of the biodiesel production process. The book discusses the technologies for converting cooking oil and waste animal fats to biodiesel, along with the efficacy of municipal waste derived lipids in biodiesel production. The use of wastewater-grown microalgae feedstock, oleaginous fungi, bacteria and yeast produced using waste substrate are also discussed. The use of various catalysts is addressed, including CaO derived from waste shell materials, fish and animal waste, inorganic waste materials like red mud and cement waste, and whole cell enzymes using waste substrate. Each chapter addresses the challenges of high production costs at a pilot and industrial scale, offering methods of cost reduction and waste remediation. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental science, energy and renewable energy. - Provides a comprehensive assessment of waste for biodiesel production, including novel feedstocks such as waste cooking oil, animal fats and municipal waste - Discusses the synthesis of cost-effective catalysts from various waste materials such as animal bones, fish scales, shells, red mud and cement waste - Presents multiple methods of cost reduction in biodiesel production, e.g., by utilizing waste as a nutrient source for oleaginous algae and fungi
Author: Ali Mohammad
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400717121
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 440
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Book Description
The conventional solvents used in chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical and separation processes represent a great challenge to green chemistry because of their toxicity and flammability. Since the beginning of “the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry” in 1998, a general effort has been made to replace conventional solvents with environmentally benign substitutes. Water has been the most popular choice so far, followed by ionic liquids, surfactant, supercritical fluids, fluorous solvents, liquid polymers, bio-solvents and switchable solvent systems. Green Solvents Volume I and II provides a throughout overview of the different types of solvents and discusses their extensive applications in fields such as extraction, organic synthesis, biocatalytic processes, production of fine chemicals, removal of hydrogen sulphide, biochemical transformations, composite material, energy storage devices and polymers. These volumes are written by leading international experts and cover all possible aspects of green solvents’ properties and applications available in today’s literature. Green Solvents Volume I and II is an invaluable guide to scientists, R&D industrial specialists, researchers, upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, Ph.D. scholars, college and university professors working in the field of chemistry and biochemistry.
Author: Pratibha Dheeran
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000648257
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 267
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Book Description
This book, Extremophiles: General and Plant Biomass Based Biorefinery, explores the potential of extremophiles in industries and biomass based biorefinery. The book sheds light on diversity and various applications of thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles and acidophiles for the production of value-added products including biofuels, extremozymes, etc. The chapters comprehensively emphasize the utility of extremophiles in sustainable biorefinery bioprocesses. This book is an integrated source of literature for scientists, engineers, academicians, and students working in the area of extremophiles, microbial technology and biorefinery.
Author: Puneet Verma
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811683417
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 599
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Book Description
This book (Vol. II) presents select proceedings of the conference on “Advancement in Materials, Manufacturing, and Energy Engineering (ICAMME 2021).” It discusses the latest materials, manufacturing processes, evaluation of materials properties for the application in automotive, aerospace, marine, locomotive, and energy sectors. The topics covered include advanced metal forming, bending, welding and casting techniques, recycling and re-manufacturing of materials and components, materials processing, characterization and applications, materials, composites and polymer manufacturing, powder metallurgy and ceramic forming, numerical modeling and simulation, advanced machining processes, functionally graded materials, non-destructive examination, optimization techniques, engineering materials, heat treatment, material testing, MEMS integration, energy materials, bio-materials, metamaterials, metallography, nanomaterial, SMART materials, bioenergy, fuel cell, and superalloys. The book will be useful for students, researchers, and professionals interested in interdisciplinary topics in the areas of materials, manufacturing, and energy sectors.
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323939414
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4061
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Book Description
Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Four Volume Set comprehensively covers all renewable energy resources, including wind, solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal energy, and nuclear power, to name a few. In addition to covering the breadth of renewable energy resources at a fundamental level, this encyclopedia delves into the utilization and ideal applications of each resource and assesses them from environmental, economic, and policy standpoints. This book will serve as an ideal introduction to any renewable energy source for students, while also allowing them to learn about a topic in more depth and explore related topics, all in a single resource.Instructors, researchers, and industry professionals will also benefit from this comprehensive reference. - Covers all renewable energy technologies in one comprehensive resource - Details renewable energies' processes, from production to utilization in a single encyclopedia - Organizes topics into concise, consistently formatted chapters, perfect for readers who are new to the field - Assesses economic challenges faced to implement each type of renewable energy - Addresses the challenges of replacing fossil fuels with renewables and covers the environmental impacts of each renewable energy
Author: Dwight Tomes
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441971459
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
This comprehensive volume developed under the guidance of guest editors Prakash Lakshmanan and David Songstad features broad coverage of the topic of biofuels and its significance to the economy and to agriculture. These chapters were first published by In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology In Vitro Plant in 2009 and consists of 15 chapters from experts who are recognized both for their scientific accomplishments and global perspective in their assigned topics.
Author: R Luque
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857095862
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 305
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Book Description
Biodiesel is one of the main biofuels capable of substituting fossil fuel usage in compression ignition vehicles, and is used in a variety of fuel blends worldwide. First-generation biodiesel has been used in national markets for some time, with fuel quality standards in place for this purpose. There remain, however, several restrictions to sustainable and long term market development, which is influenced by many factors, including food vs. fuel pressures. The development of new generations of biodiesel, aimed at more sustainable and effective feedstock utilisation alongside improved production efficiency and fuel quality, is critical to the future both of this industry and of the continuing use of biodiesel fuels in transportation.This book provides a timely reference on the advances in the development of biodiesel fuels, production processes and technologies. Part one reviews the life cycle sustainability assessment and socio-economic and environmental policy issues associated with advanced biodiesel production, as well as feedstocks and fuel quality standards. This coverage is extended in Part two, with chapters focussing on the development of methods and catalysts essential to the improvement and optimisation of biodiesel production processes and technologies.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Advances in biodiesel production a standard reference for chemical, biochemical and industrial process engineers, as well as scientists and researchers in this important field. - Provides a timely reference on the advances in the development of biodiesel fuels, production processes and technologies - Reviews the life cycle sustainability assessment and socio-economic and environmental policy issues associated with advanced biodiesel production, as well as feedstocks and fuel quality standards - Discusses the development of methods and catalysts essential to the improvement and optimisation of biodiesel production processes and technologies
Author: Rafael Luque
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081004567
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 772
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Book Description
Handbook of Biofuels Production, Second Edition, discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage. Research and development in this field is aimed at improving the quality and environmental impact of biofuels production, as well as the overall efficiency and output of biofuels production plants. The book provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the range of biomass conversion processes and technology. Key changes for this second edition include increased coverage of emerging feedstocks, including microalgae, more emphasis on by-product valorization for biofuels' production, additional chapters on emerging biofuel production methods, and discussion of the emissions associated with biofuel use in engines. The editorial team is strengthened by the addition of two extra members, and a number of new contributors have been invited to work with authors from the first edition to revise existing chapters, thus offering fresh perspectives. - Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies being used for biofuel production - Discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage - Reviews the production of both first and second generation biofuels - Addresses integrated biofuel production in biorefineries and the use of waste materials as feedstocks
