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Author: Andrew H. Thalheimer
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309446389
Category : Aircraft accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 230
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Book Description
TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 173: Use and Potential Impacts of AFFF Containing PFASs at Airports explores the potential environmental and health impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) typically found in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). The report describes methods that can be used to identify areas of potential concern at an airport and ways to implement management and remediation practices.
Author: Andrew H. Thalheimer
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309446389
Category : Aircraft accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Get Book Here
Book Description
TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 173: Use and Potential Impacts of AFFF Containing PFASs at Airports explores the potential environmental and health impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) typically found in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). The report describes methods that can be used to identify areas of potential concern at an airport and ways to implement management and remediation practices.
Author: Gretta Goldenman
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN: 9289360658
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Book Description
PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.
Author: Reynolds, Smith and Hills
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309709811
Category : Airports
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many products, from consumer products to building materials. For airports, the primary implication is associated with aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) used in firefighting. For many years, airport operators were required to use AFFFs and, as a result of recommended training requirements and fire response, may have had releases of AFFFs to the environment. ACRP Research Report 262: PFAS Management at Airports: A Guide, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides information and practical considerations for managing AFFFs containing PFAS used for firefighting at airports."--Publisher's website.
Author: Caitlin H. Bell
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351665073
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 439
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Book Description
The term "emerging contaminants" and its multiple variants has come to refer to unregulated compounds discovered in the environment that are also found to represent a potential threat to human and ecological receptors. Such contaminants create unique and considerable challenges as the push to address them typically outpaces the understanding of their toxicity, their need for regulation, their occurrence, and techniques for treating the environmental media they affect. With these challenges in mind, this handbook serves as a primer regarding the topic of emerging contaminants, with current and practical information to help support the goal of protection where they are encountered. Features Explores the definition, identification, and life cycle of emerging contaminants. Reviews current information on sources, toxicology, regulation, and new tools for characterization and treatment of: 1,4-Dioxane (mature in its emerging contaminant life cycle) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs; a newer group of emerging contaminant) Hexavalent chromium (former emerging contaminant with evolving science) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (progressing in its emerging contaminant life cycle) Provides thoughts on opportunities in managing emerging contaminants to help balance uncertainty, compress life cycle, and optimize outcomes.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309698856
Category : Airports
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
"Airports face increasing regulatory and technical challenges for addressing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) found on or near their facilities. Sources of PFAS may be attributable to activities such as the use of aqueous film forming foam during aircraft rescue and firefighting activities or from airport neighbors who use products that contain PFAS. ACRP Research Report 255: PFAS Source Differentiation Guide for Airports, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides recommended practices for determining the source of PFAS detected in soil and water on or near an airport."--Publisher's website
Author: David M. Kempisty
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429945027
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Book Description
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday3⁄4 and some lifesaving3⁄4 products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.
Author: Anna Kärrman
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN: 9289360623
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Book Description
This report describes a screening study of in all ninety-nine conventional and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Nordic environment. In addition, extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was analysed. The latter can provide the amount, but not identity, of organofluorine in the samples, which in turn can be used to assess the mass balance between known and unknown PFASs. The study was initiated by the Nordic Screening Group and funded by these and the Nordic Council of Ministers through the Chemicals Group.A total of 102 samples were analyzed in this study, including bird eggs, fish, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, surface water, WWTP effluents and sludge, and air. Samples were collected by institutes from the participating countries and self-governing areas; Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
Author: David M. Kempisty
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000405451
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Book Description
Forever Chemicals: Environmental, Economic, and Social Equity Concerns with PFAS in the Environment provides the reader with an understanding of the complex and interwoven issues associated with per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in our environment. The chapters provide in-depth perspective into various issues, including health, regulation, detection, clean-up strategies and technologies, and more. Taken together or as the reader’s interests lead them, the variety of topics covered in the book present a balanced perspective on this complex topic. It will address the current state of PFAS and where indicators are pointing for future developments. The book is also a deeper investigation of the regulatory challenges, analytical hurdles, and toxicological progress to date for the suite of PFAS chemicals. Features Explains the trends that will affect future policy and regulatory decisions Looks holistically at 4000+ PFAS chemicals Includes PFAS risk assessments at contaminated sites and biomonitoring insights Provides in-depth discussions on remediation technologies Illustrates quality and diversified content Provides a balanced perspective on this complex topic
Author: Thomas P. Knepper
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642218717
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 183
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Book Description
Due to their unparalleled effectiveness and efficiency, polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC) have become essential in numerous technical applications. However, many PFCs brought to market show limited biodegradability, and their environmental persistence combined with toxic and bioaccumulative potential have become a matter of concern in some instances. This volume highlights the synthesis of PFCs, focusing on substances with improved application and environmental properties, which are a challenge for synthetic chemists. Further, modern mass spectrometric techniques for the detection and identification of biotransformation products of PFCs are described. The sorption and leaching behavior of PFC in soil is also addressed in order to predict their fate in the environment. Several contributions discuss the monitoring of PFCs in European surface, ground and drinking waters, treatment options for PFC removal from drinking water, occurrence in food, and the human biomonitoring of PFCs.
Author: Krista A. Barzen-Hanson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fire extinguishing agents
Languages : en
Pages : 278
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Book Description
Public attention and concern about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are increasing due to detection of PFASs in drinking water supplies, the environment, including remote locations, and wildlife and to the lowering of the federal health advisory levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in drinking water. Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), which typically contain anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs, are one route of environmental entry for PFASs. AFFFs were routinely applied since the 1960s to extinguish hydrocarbon-based fuel fires during emergencies and fire fighter training. Routine releases of AFFF into the environment have resulted in high concentrations (mg/L) of PFASs in groundwater. Attention typically focuses on the well-known homologs of the perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), including PFOA and PFOS, and other anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs receive little attention. Recent data on AFFF-impacted groundwater indicates that ~ 25% of the PFASs are currently unidentified. A complete understanding of the composition of PFASs in AFFF-impacted groundwater is needed in order to investigate biodegradation pathways and to develop effective remediation techniques that capture PFASs with a wide range of water solubilities and subsurface mobilities. Zwitterionic and cationic PFASs present in groundwater, soil, and sediment have not been characterized with respect to partitioning (sorption) behavior. Sorption studies typically focus on a select number of well-known PFCAs and/or PFSAs, and a limited number of studies simulate AFFF discharge field conditions. By enhancing understanding of zwitterionic and cationic PFAS sorption, transport and likely subsurface location (i.e. predominantly in groundwater or sorbed to soil) can better direct subsurface remediation efforts and mitigate off-site migration. Chapter 2 discusses a data analysis test for non-target analysis and the subsequent serendipitous discovery of two ultrashort chained PFSAs. Select 3M AFFFs and AFFF-impacted groundwater samples, each from 11 different U.S. military bases were analyzed using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS). Kendrick mass defect plots were used to identify known homologs within a homologous series. Careful inspection of the PFSA homologous series led to the serendipitous discovery of the C2 and C3 PFSAs in 3M AFFF and AFFF-impacted groundwater. The C2 and C3 PFSAs were quantified using liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry. Chapter 3 uses the developed non-target data analysis strategy to attempt to close the mass balance of PFASs in AFFF-impacted groundwater. Select 3M and fluorotelomer AFFFs, commercial products, and AFFF-impacted groundwater samples from 15 different sites were used to identify the remaining PFASs. Liquid chromatography qTOF-MS was used for compound discovery. Nontarget analysis and suspect screening were conducted. For nontarget analysis, a ‘nontarget’ R script in combination with Kendrick mass defect plots aided in compound identification. Suspect screening compared detected masses against a list of previously reported PFASs. Forty novel classes of anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs were discovered, and an additional 17 classes of previously reported PFASs were observed for the first time in AFFF and/or AFFF-impacted groundwater. All 57 classes received an acronym and IUPAC-like name. Overall, of the newly discovered PFASs, ~ 68% were zwitterionic or cationic PFASs. Chapter 4 selects the representative National Foam AFFF to determine the soil properties influencing the sorption of model anionic fluorotelomer sulfonates (FtSs), zwitterionic fluorotelomer sulfonamido betaines (FtSaBs), and the cationic 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamido amine (FtSaAm). Batch sorption experiments were conducted using the whole National Foam AFFF, with initial aqueous phase concentrations of the 6:2 FtSaB ranging from 1,000 to 138,000,000 ng/L, which represent concentrations of dilute groundwater plumes up to the application of 3% AFFF used in fire fighter training and emergency responses. Six blank soils with varying organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and anion exchange capacity as well as a select soil buffered to pH 4 and 7 were used to determine the factors predominantly impacting sorption. A new, aggressive soil extraction method was developed due to incomplete mass balance of the FtSaBs and the 6:2 FtSaAm using published extraction methods. Hydrophobic interactions drove the sorption of the anionic FtSs, while the FtSaBs were influenced primarily by CEC. The 6:2 FtSaAm was depleted from the aqueous phase in all but one soil, and therefore, sorption is likely driven by a combination of CEC and organic carbon.
