The Lateral Distribution of Penetrating Particles in Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Showers PDF Download
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Author: James Arthur Earl
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Author: James Arthur Earl
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic ray showers
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Author:
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Languages : en
Pages :
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The penetrating component of extensive air showers detected by the MIT air shower experiment at Harvard. Massachusetts, was observed with the aid of a large hodoscope shielded by 985 g/cm/sup 2/ of lead. The number of electrons, core location, and arrival direction of each shower were given by the air shower experiment. Mu-mesons associated with a shower could be identified by requiring the projected zenith single as measured by the hodoscope to agree with the known arrival direction of the shower. An auxiliary detector consisting of a single heavily shielded tray of counters was operated 920 m from the center or the array. In showers with zenith singles less than 25 deg the density of mu-mesons is proportional to r/sup -1.0 plus or minus 0.2/ for r between 20 and 150 m. (r is the distance from the shower core to the meson detector.) For r between 200 and 900 m the density is proportional to r/sup -2.2 plus or minus 0.1/. The shape of the lateral distribution changes as the zenith angle of the showers is increased. The nature of this change is such that the mesons is inclined showers are more spread out than those in vertical showers. The effect of the magnetic field of the earth on the lateral distribution is small. The meson density near the core is proportional to Ne/sup 0.79 plus or minus 0.05/ where Ne is the number of electrons in the shower. For showers with a constant observed number of electrons, the meson density near the core does not change with zenith angle. This fact implies that, in a shower of given primary energy, the density near the core decreases exponentially with depth with in absorption length of (253 plus or minus 40) g/cm/sup 2/. The fraction of the mu-mesons with ranges greater than 540 g/cm/sup 2/ of lead which are absorbed in an additional 360 g/cm/sup 2/ of lead is (9.9 plus or minus 1.5)%. This fraction is independent of distance to the core for r between 40 and 300 m. (auth).
Author: James Arthur Earl
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Author: Norman Dickinson
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: M. V. S. Rao
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9789810228880
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays carry information about their sources and the intervening medium apart from providing a beam of particles for studying certain features of high energy interactions currently inaccessible at man-made accelerators. They can at present be studied only via the extensive air showers (EAS's) they generate while passing through the Earth's atmosphere, since their fluxes are too low for the experiments of limited capability flown in balloons and satellites. The EAS is generated by a series of interactions of the primary cosmic ray and its progeny with the atmospheric nuclei. The exponential nature of the atmosphere spreads the air showers laterally over several hundreds of meters, thus enabling ground-based arrays of relatively inexpensive detectors to record and study them.This book describes the EAS phenomenology, the detectors and techniques used, and the latest results on the energy spectrum and composition of the primaries of EAS's and the results on high energy interactions obtained from EAS studies. It also describes the new TeV and PeV gamma ray astronomy (which has been developing over the past decade) and the newly emerging neutrino astronomy, which are related to the origin of cosmic rays.This book serves as an introduction as well as a reference for researchers in the field.
Author: Peter K. F. Grieder
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540769412
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1149
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Extensive air showers are a very unique phenomenon. In the more than six decades since their discovery by Auger and collaborators we have learned a lot about these extremely energetic events and gained deep insight into high-energy phenomena, particle physics and astrophysics. In this Tutorial, Reference Manual and Data Book Peter K. F. Grieder provides the reader with a comprehensive view of the phenomenology and facts of the various types of interactions and cascades, theoretical background, experimental methods, data evaluation and interpretation and air shower simulation. He discusses astrophysical aspects of the primary radiation and addresses remaining puzzling questions that cannot yet be answered. They remain as a challenge for present and future research in the field. The book is split into two volumes. Volume I deals mainly with the basic theoretical framework of the processes that determine an air shower and ends with a summary of ways and means to extract information from air shower observations on the primary radiation. It also presents a compilation of data of our current knowledge of the high energy portion of the primary spectrum and composition. Volume II contains mainly compilations of data of experimental and theoretical nature as well as predictions from simulations of individual air shower constituents. Also included are chapters dedicated exclusively to special processes and detection methods. Extensive up-to-date reference lists appear at the end of each chapter. Researchers and students working in the field of cosmic ray detection and astroparticle physics will appreciate finding this book in their library.
Author: William Galbraith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic ray showers
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Author: W. O. Lock
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic rays
Languages : en
Pages : 352
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cosmic rays
Languages : en
Pages : 342
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