The Effects of Drought and High Temperature Stress on Reproduction, Physiology, and Yield of Spring and Winter Wheat PDF Download
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Author: Kyle J. Shroyer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Drought and high temperature are major detriments to global wheat production. Wheat varies in its susceptibility to drought and high temperature stress. Three experiments were performed to address the challenges of drought and high temperature stress in wheat. The first experiment consisted of 256 genotypes of spring wheat and 301 genotypes of winter wheat, field screened for yield traits related to drought tolerance, in irrigated and dryland experiments. The experimental designs for the first experiment were both augmented incomplete block designs with one-way or row-column blocking. This experiment was performed at the Ashland Bottom Research Farm, south of Manhattan, KS, between 2011-2013. From this experiment, three conclusions were made: wheat genotypes vary widely in their responses between dryland and irrigated treatments and this variation can be used in future experiments or breeding tolerant genotypes. The number of seeds per unit of area, total biomass per unit area, and the average weight of one thousand seeds, were the best yield traits for predicting yield in both irrigated and dryland environments. Twenty genotypes were selected for future research based on their susceptibility or tolerance to drought. The second experiment was performed in the greenhouse facilities to observe the source-sink relationship of spring wheat genotype Seri 82 under drought and defoliation. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot treatment arrangement. Post-anthesis cessation of watering and defoliation were the treatments. Both water stress and defoliation affected seed yield and total biomass. The major effect of post-anthesis water stress was a decrease in single seed weight. Defoliation affected the source-sink relationship by reducing the source strength of the leaves. This caused the stem to contribute more to overall yield. The defoliation also caused the remaining leaves to compensate for the removed leaves. The final experiment evaluated the changes in seed-filling rate and duration of three winter wheat genotypes during high temperature stress. High temperature stress reduced the duration of seed fill and increased the rate, differently in each genotype. Higher yields in the winter wheat growing regions, susceptible to post-anthesis high temperature stress, may be possible through selection of cultivars with faster seed-filling rates and/or duration of seed filling.
Author: Kyle J. Shroyer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Drought and high temperature are major detriments to global wheat production. Wheat varies in its susceptibility to drought and high temperature stress. Three experiments were performed to address the challenges of drought and high temperature stress in wheat. The first experiment consisted of 256 genotypes of spring wheat and 301 genotypes of winter wheat, field screened for yield traits related to drought tolerance, in irrigated and dryland experiments. The experimental designs for the first experiment were both augmented incomplete block designs with one-way or row-column blocking. This experiment was performed at the Ashland Bottom Research Farm, south of Manhattan, KS, between 2011-2013. From this experiment, three conclusions were made: wheat genotypes vary widely in their responses between dryland and irrigated treatments and this variation can be used in future experiments or breeding tolerant genotypes. The number of seeds per unit of area, total biomass per unit area, and the average weight of one thousand seeds, were the best yield traits for predicting yield in both irrigated and dryland environments. Twenty genotypes were selected for future research based on their susceptibility or tolerance to drought. The second experiment was performed in the greenhouse facilities to observe the source-sink relationship of spring wheat genotype Seri 82 under drought and defoliation. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot treatment arrangement. Post-anthesis cessation of watering and defoliation were the treatments. Both water stress and defoliation affected seed yield and total biomass. The major effect of post-anthesis water stress was a decrease in single seed weight. Defoliation affected the source-sink relationship by reducing the source strength of the leaves. This caused the stem to contribute more to overall yield. The defoliation also caused the remaining leaves to compensate for the removed leaves. The final experiment evaluated the changes in seed-filling rate and duration of three winter wheat genotypes during high temperature stress. High temperature stress reduced the duration of seed fill and increased the rate, differently in each genotype. Higher yields in the winter wheat growing regions, susceptible to post-anthesis high temperature stress, may be possible through selection of cultivars with faster seed-filling rates and/or duration of seed filling.
Author: E H Satorre
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9781560228745
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 544
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Book Description
Discussing the latest processes involved in researching yield generation, Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination will help you design various types of crop production systems for maximum yield. Featuring information on developing high-yielding, low-input, and quality-oriented systems, this book offers you both physiological and ecological approaches that will help you understand the crop as well as increase its production. Discussing aspects of wheat growth for specific regions around the world, Wheat provides you with information that will improve the size and quality of your crops, including: how temperature, vernalization, and the photoperiod affect the development of wheat using the correct amount of nitrogen fertilizers for wheat crops an explanation of the reproduction and nitrogen cycles of wheat how elements and conditions such as lipids, proteins, nitrogen, and climate enhance grain quality estimating and determining optimal sowing dates examining factors that may affect wheat yield-density relationships, such as planting arrangement and date of sowing preventing seed decay and examining effects of mildews and leaf blights examining historical trends of the crop to see what further research needs to be done You'll also receive information on the genetic gains in wheat research that are improving the physiological traits and numerical components of this essential grain. Within Wheat, you'll find data and methods from international experts in the field that will improve the yield and growth of the world's most important crop.
Author: Lajpat Ahuja
Publisher: ASA-CSSA-SSSA
ISBN: 9780891181675
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 456
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Book Description
Water stress and heat stress are considered to be two primary factors that limit crop production in many parts of the world. Global warming appears to be increasing the water requirements of plants. Understanding the impact of water deficit on plant physiological processes and efficient water management are of great concern in maintaining food production to meet ever increasing world food demand. The book addresses various climatic soil and plant factors that contribute to the water use efficiency in plants subjected to water stress. It covers all issues related to soil, plant and climatic factors that contribute to the crop responses to water stress. The books advances the knowledge in improving and sustaining crop yields in ever increasing unpredictable climatic fluctuations This book uses crop simulation models for response of crops to limited water under various management and climatic conditions.
Author: Gautam Prasad Pradhan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
High temperature (HT) and drought are detrimental to crop productivity, but there is limited variability for these traits among wheat ([italics]Triticum aestivum[end italics] L.) cultivars. Five [italics]Aegilops[end italics] species were screened to identify HT (52 accessions) and drought (31 accessions) tolerant species/accessions and ascertaining traits associated with tolerance. Four synthetic wheats were studied to quantify independent and combined effects of HT and drought. [italics]Aegilops[end italics] species were grown at 25/19°C day/night and 18 h photoperiod. At anthesis, HT was imposed by transferring plants to growth chambers set at 36/30°C, whereas in another experiment, drought was imposed by withholding irrigation. Synthetic wheats were grown at 21/15°C day/night and 18 h photoperiod. At anthesis or 21 d after anthesis, plants were exposed to optimum condition (irrigation + 21/15°C), HT (irrigation + 36/30°C), drought (withhold irrigation + 21/15°C), and combined stress (withhold irrigation + 36/30°C). Stresses were imposed for 16 d. High temperature and drought stress significantly decreased chlorophyll, grain number, individual grain weight, and grain yield of [italics]Aegilops[end italics] species ([greater than or equal too] 25%). Based on a decrease in grain yield, [italics]A. speltoides[end italics] and [italics]A. geniculata[end italics] were most tolerant (~ 61% decline), and [italics]A. longissima[end italics] was highly susceptible to HT stress (84% decline). Similarly, [italics]A. geniculata[end italics] had greater tolerance to drought (48% decline) as compared to other species ([greater than or equal too] 73% decline). Tolerance was associated with higher grains spike [superscript]-1 and/or heavier grains. Within [italics]A. speltoides[end italics], accession TA 2348 was most tolerant to HT with 13.5% yield decline and a heat susceptibility index (HSI) 0.23. Among [italics]A. geniculata[end italics], TA 2899 and TA 1819 were moderately tolerant to HT with an HSI 0.80. TA 10437 of [italics]A. geniculata[end italics] was the most drought tolerant accession with 7% yield decline and drought susceptibility index 0.14. Irrespective of the time of stress, HT, drought, and combined stress decreased both individual grain weight and grain yield of synthetic wheats by [greater than or equal to 37%, 26%, and 50%, respectively. These studies suggest a presence of genetic variability among [italics]Aegilops[end italics] species that can be utilized in breeding wheat for HT and drought tolerance at anthesis; and combined stress of drought and high temperature on synthetic wheats are hypo-additive in nature.
Author: Alistair Pask
Publisher: CIMMYT
ISBN: 9706481826
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
Author: Amal Faraj Ahmed Ehtaiwesh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Increased ambient temperature and soil salinity seriously affect the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which is an important cereal second to rice as the main human food crop. However, wheat plant is most susceptible to high temperatures and salinity at booting and flowering stages. Several studies have documented the effects of individual stress like salinity and high temperature stress on wheat, nonetheless little is known about effects of combined salinity and high temperature at critical growth stages. Therefore, the objectives of this research were (i) to screen winter wheat germplasm for salinity tolerance at the germination stages and to determine seedling growth traits associated with salinity tolerance, (ii) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of high temperature and salinity on winter wheat genotypes at the booting stages through growth, physiological, biochemical, and yield traits, and (iii) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of high temperature and salinity on winter wheat genotypes at the flowering stages through growth, physiological, biochemical, and yield traits. In the first experiment, 292 winter wheat genotypes (winter wheat germplasm) was screened for salinity stress at germination stage under controlled environments. The seeds were subjected to three levels of salinity, 0, 60, and 120 mM NaCl to quantify the effects of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth. In the second experiment, controlled environment study was conducted to quantity the independent and combined high temperature and salinity stress effects on growth, physiological, biochemical, and yield traits of twelve winter wheat genotypes during booting stage. Plants were grown at 20/15 °C (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum) temperature with 16 h photoperiod. At booting stages, the plants were exposed to optimum (20/15 °C) or high temperature (35/20 °C) and without (0 mM NaCl) and with (60, and 120 mM) NaCl. In the third experiment, plants were exposed to optimum or high temperature and with and without NaCl levels at flowering stages. The temperature regime and salinity levels were same as experiment II. The duration of stress was 10 d and after the stress period the plants were brought to optimum temperature and irrigated with normal water (0 mM NaCl). The results indicated that, at 120 mM NaCl, the final germination percentage was decreased and the mean daily germination was delayed. Irrespective of the genotype, salinity stress significantly decreased the shoot and root length; seedling dry matter production, and seedling vigor. Based on the seedling vigor index, the genotype GAGE, OK04507, MTS0531, TASCOSA, ENDURANCE and GUYMON, were found to be most tolerant and CO04W320, 2174-05, CARSON, OK1070275, TX02A0252 and TX04M410211 were the most susceptible to salinity at germination stage. Combined stresses of high temperature and salinity decreased photosynthetic rate and grain yields. Based on grain yield, the genotype TASCOSA was found to be most tolerant (64 % decrease) to combined stresses, and AVALANCHE was the most susceptible to combined stresses (75 % decrease) at booting stages. Similarly, at flowering stage, TX04M410211 had greater tolerance to combined stresses (65 % decline) as compared to GAGE (83 % decline). In both experiments, tolerance was associated with higher spikelet number and seed set. In conclusion, there is genetic variability among winter wheat genotypes that can be used in breeding programs to improve winter wheat yield under combined high temperature and salinity stress conditions.
Author: M. P. Reynolds
Publisher: CIMMYT
ISBN: 9706480773
Category : Physiology
Languages : en
Pages : 246
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Author: Rangjian Qiu
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832542409
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
Author: Jean-Marcel Ribaut
Publisher: CIMMYT
ISBN: 9706480528
Category : Agricultural biotechnology
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
Author: B. Venkateswarlu
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400722206
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 617
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Book Description
Crops experience an assortment of environmental stresses which include abiotic viz., drought, water logging, salinity, extremes of temperature, high variability in radiation, subtle but perceptible changes in atmospheric gases and biotic viz., insects, birds, other pests, weeds, pathogens (viruses and other microbes). The ability to tolerate or adapt and overwinter by effectively countering these stresses is a very multifaceted phenomenon. In addition, the inability to do so which renders the crops susceptible is again the result of various exogenous and endogenous interactions in the ecosystem. Both biotic and abiotic stresses occur at various stages of plant development and frequently more than one stress concurrently affects the crop. Stresses result in both universal and definite effects on plant growth and development. One of the imposing tasks for the crop researchers globally is to distinguish and to diminish effects of these stress factors on the performance of crop plants, especially with respect to yield and quality of harvested products. This is of special significance in view of the impending climate change, with complex consequences for economically profitable and ecologically and environmentally sound global agriculture. The challenge at the hands of the crop scientist in such a scenario is to promote a competitive and multifunctional agriculture, leading to the production of highly nourishing, healthy and secure food and animal feed as well as raw materials for a wide variety of industrial applications. In order to successfully meet this challenge researchers have to understand the various aspects of these stresses in view of the current development from molecules to ecosystems. The book will focus on broad research areas in relation to these stresses which are in the forefront in contemporary crop stress research.
