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Author: Nitilaksha Phalaxayya Hiremath
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Calorimetry
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
There is continuing effort to enhance the strength and modulus of carbon fibers by various combinations of materials and processing. Carbon fibers are produced from various precursors, and the strength of the CFs are directly related to the type of precursor used to make them. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have received a great deal of attention due to their unique structure and properties. Major focus of this research is on the evaluation of processing, structure and properties of CNT based yarns and composite fibers. High strength and low cost carbon fibers (CFs) are needed for today's applications. A low cost and low molecular weight textile grade PAN is studied as the precursor polymer with CNT/ carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as the filler material to enhance the strength of the carbon fibers. Efforts by several researchers have shown that incorporation of CNTs into carbon fibers is a challenging task and only a small percent could be introduced successfully. Various concentrations of modified CNTs or CNFs are used as reinforcement and an effort to increase the percentage of CNTs or CNFs in PAN precursor is attempted. The tensile strength of the precursor fibers is 150 MPa for 3.2 wt% CNFs in 12 wt% PAN and 430 MPa for carbonized fibers of the same precursor. Compared to pristine PAN, the reinforcement resulted in 187% increase in strength and 74% increase in modulus. Commercially available CNT yarns have shown that their tensile properties are much lower than the calculated values. Various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to investigate the morphology of the fibers/yarns. Structural analysis indicated relatively poor packing/orientation of nanotubes compared to density of CNT and yarn axis, respectively. Possible approaches to further enhance the properties of CNT yarns are investigated. Some of these techniques demonstrated the increase in strength by more than 330 % and modulus by more than 360 %. These observed increases are due to enhanced packing and interaction between the nanotube bundles in the CNT yarn.
Author: Nitilaksha Phalaxayya Hiremath
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Calorimetry
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
There is continuing effort to enhance the strength and modulus of carbon fibers by various combinations of materials and processing. Carbon fibers are produced from various precursors, and the strength of the CFs are directly related to the type of precursor used to make them. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have received a great deal of attention due to their unique structure and properties. Major focus of this research is on the evaluation of processing, structure and properties of CNT based yarns and composite fibers. High strength and low cost carbon fibers (CFs) are needed for today's applications. A low cost and low molecular weight textile grade PAN is studied as the precursor polymer with CNT/ carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as the filler material to enhance the strength of the carbon fibers. Efforts by several researchers have shown that incorporation of CNTs into carbon fibers is a challenging task and only a small percent could be introduced successfully. Various concentrations of modified CNTs or CNFs are used as reinforcement and an effort to increase the percentage of CNTs or CNFs in PAN precursor is attempted. The tensile strength of the precursor fibers is 150 MPa for 3.2 wt% CNFs in 12 wt% PAN and 430 MPa for carbonized fibers of the same precursor. Compared to pristine PAN, the reinforcement resulted in 187% increase in strength and 74% increase in modulus. Commercially available CNT yarns have shown that their tensile properties are much lower than the calculated values. Various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to investigate the morphology of the fibers/yarns. Structural analysis indicated relatively poor packing/orientation of nanotubes compared to density of CNT and yarn axis, respectively. Possible approaches to further enhance the properties of CNT yarns are investigated. Some of these techniques demonstrated the increase in strength by more than 330 % and modulus by more than 360 %. These observed increases are due to enhanced packing and interaction between the nanotube bundles in the CNT yarn.
Author: Menghe Miao
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081027753
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Carbon Nanotube Fibres and Yarns for Smart Textiles: Production, Properties and Applications in Smart Textiles explains the relevance of carbon nanotube science and provides new insights on this emerging, high-performance textile material. Particular emphasis is placed on applications in smart textiles and wearable electronics applications, such as flexible sensors, actuators and energy sources. This collection examines the state-of-the-art in carbon nanotube (CNT) research, providing guidance for anyone who is exploring problems where CNTs may provide design solutions. Finally, the book addresses advances in yarn spinning methods, yarn structures and properties. Drawing on his experience in the textile industry, the book's editor presents academic research in a way that is comprehensible and useful to materials scientists and engineers in practice. Explains how carbon nanotube science can meet the challenging requirements of important and emerging smart textiles and wearable electronics applications Reviews and analyzes key developments on CNT yarn spinning methods, yarn structures and properties, and proposed applications Addresses the potential applications of CNT yarns and nanocomposite fibers
Author: Qiuhong Zhang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon fibers
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
The interface between carbon fibers (CFs) and the resin matrix in traditional high performance composites is characterized by a large discontinuity in mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties which can cause inefficient energy transfer. Due to the exceptional properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their growth at the surface of carbon fibers is a promising approach to controlling interfacial interactions and achieving the enhanced bulk properties. However, the reactive conditions used to grow carbon nanotubes also have the potential to introduce defects that can degrade the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber (CF) substrate. In this study, using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, high density multi-wall carbon nanotubes have been successfully synthesized directly on PAN-based CF surface without significantly compromising tensile properties. The influence of CVD growth conditions on the single CF tensile properties and carbon nanotube (CNT) morphology was investigated. The experimental results revealed that under high temperature growth conditions, the tensile strength of CF was greatly decreased at the beginning of CNT growth process with the largest decrease observed for sized CFs. However, the tensile strength of unsized CFs with CNT was approximately the same as the initial CF at lower growth temperature. The interfacial shear strength of CNT coated CF (CNT/CF) in epoxy was studied by means of the single-fiber fragmentation test. Results of the test indicate an improvement in interfacial shear strength with the addition of a CNT coating. This improvement can most likely be attributed to an increase in the interphase yield strength as well as an improvement in interfacial adhesion due to the presence of the nanotubes. CNT/CF also offers promise as stress and strain sensors in CF reinforced composite materials. This study investigates fundamental mechanical and electrical properties of CNT/CF using nanoindentation method by designed localized transverse compression at low loads (uN to mN) and small displacements (nm to a few um). Force, strain, stiffness, and electrical resistance were monitored simultaneously during compression experiments. The results showed that CNT/CF possess a high sensing capability between force and resistance. Hysteresis in both force-displacement and resistance-displacement curves was observed with CNT/CF, but was more evident as maximum strain increased and did not depend on strain rate. Force was higher and resistance was lower during compression as compared to decompression. A model is proposed to explain hysteresis where van der Waals forces between deformed and entangled nanotubes hinder decompression of some of the compressed tubes that are in contact with each other. This study provides a new understanding of the mechanical and electrical behavior of CNT/CF that will facilitate usage as stress and strain sensors in both stand-alone and composite materials applications. A novel method for in situ observation of nano-micro scale CNT/CF mechanical behavior by SEM has been developed in this study. The results indicated that deformation of vertical aligned CNT (VACNT) forest followed a column-like bending mechanism under localized radial (axial) compression. No fracture was observed even at very high compression strain on a VACNT forest. In order to fully understand CNT forest properties, the viscous creep behavior of VACNT arrays grown on flat Si substrate has also been characterized using a nanoindentation method. Resulting creep response was observed to consist of a short transient stage and a steady state stage in which the rate of displacement was constant. The strain rate sensitivity depended on the density of the nanotube arrays, but it was independent of the ramping (compression) rate of the indenter.
Author: Marcio Loos
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 145573196X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 305
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Book Description
Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites introduces a wide audience of engineers, scientists and product designers to this important and rapidly expanding class of high performance composites. Dr Loos provides readers with the scientific fundamentals of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), CNT composites and nanotechnology in a way which will enable them to understand the performance, capability and potential of the materials under discussion. He also investigates how CNT reinforcement can be used to enhance the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of polymer composites. Production methods, processing technologies and applications are fully examined, with reference to relevant patents. Finally, health and safety issues related to the use of CNTs are investigated. Dr. Loos compares the theoretical expectations of using CNTs to the results obtained in labs, and explains the reasons for the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results. This approach makes the book an essential reference and practical guide for engineers and product developers working with reinforced polymers – as well as researchers and students in polymer science, materials and nanotechnology. A wealth of applications information is included, taken from the wide range of industry sectors utilizing CNT reinforced composites, such as energy, coatings, defense, electronics, medical devices, and high performance sports equipment. Introduces a wide range of readers involved in plastics engineering, product design and manufacturing to the relevant topics in nano-science, nanotechnology, nanotubes and composites. Assesses effects of CNTs as reinforcing agents, both in a materials context and an applications setting. Focuses on applications aspects – performance, cost, health and safety, etc – for a wide range of industry sectors, e.g. energy, coatings, defense, electronics, medical devices, high performance sports equipment, etc.
Author: Rahul Jain
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Composite materials
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The graphitic nature, continuous structure, and high mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them good candidate for reinforcing polymer fiber. The different types of CNTs including single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), few-wall carbon nanotubes (FWNTs), and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) differ in terms of their diameter and number of graphitic walls. The desire has been to increase the concentration of CNTs as much as possible to make next generation multi-functional materials. The work in this thesis is mainly focused on MWNT and CNF reinforced polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite fibers, and SWNT, FWNT, and MWNT reinforced poly(etherketone) (PEK) composite fibers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the spinning of 20% MWNT or 30% CNF reinforced polymer fiber spun using conventional fiber spinning. Also, this is the first study to report the PEK/CNT composite fibers.
Author: Xin Wang
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128091150
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess the unique combination of extreme mechanical and physical properties at the level of the individual tube. They are often considered one of the best candidates for the reinforcement of the next generation of multifunctional composite materials. It is essential to assemble the CNTs into macroscopic assemblies resembling traditional fiber-reinforced composites to begin to realize their potential and make them a serious candidate for commercial composite structures. This chapter presents a general introduction to aligned and high-volume fraction CNT composites and then explores two recent promising approaches for fabricating strong, stiff and multifunctional aligned CNT/polymer composite prepregs at satisfactory processing rates. One approach involves incorporating drawable superaligned CNT sheets into high-volume fraction composites through spraying or spray-stretching and winding. The other approach is based on directly shear pressing vertically aligned CNT arrays into horizontally aligned sheets with subsequent polymer infiltration. Both approaches produced CNT composite prepregs with desirable structural features and excellent properties. Aligned CNT/bismaleimide composites produced by stretch winding exhibited a combined tensile strength and elastic modulus exceeding carbon fiber composites. The exceptional mechanical performance coupled with unique electrical and thermal properties makes these materials promising for a wide range of applications, such as multifunctional composite structures, lightweight and flexible conductors, thermal interface materials, and sensors.
Author: Leighton H. Peebles
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351087320
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Book Description
Carbon Fibers presents an up-to-date review of the progress pertaining to the formation of carbon fibers from rayon, acrylic, and pitch precursors. The book emphasizes the preparation, characterization, and properties of commercial materials. It also considers the compressive properties of carbon fibers, the lack of correlation between surface characterization and fiber-matrix interactions, and the discrepancy between surface composition as determined by XPS and the reaction of surface groups with chemical reagents. Other topics discussed include:
Author: Peng-Cheng Ma
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439826242
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 210
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Book Description
Discovered in the twentieth century, carbon nanotubes (CNT) were an integral part of science and industry by the beginning of the twenty first century, revolutionizing chemistry, physics, and materials science. More recent advances in carbon nanotube production methods have resulted in a tremendous push to incorporate CNTs into polymer matrices. Al
Author: Jean-Baptiste Donnet
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824701727
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 590
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Book Description
"Third Edition offers the latest information on the structural, surface, mechanical, electronic, thermal, and magnetic properties of carbon fibers as well as their manufacture and industrial applications from many of the world's most distinguished specialists in the field. "
Author: Hiroaki Miyagawa
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788178953502
Category : Carbon
Languages : en
Pages : 239
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Book Description
It has been said that the 19th century was the era of steel and that the 20th century was the era of silicon. At the beginning of 21st century, the utilization of carbon related materials for industrial applications continues to increase significantly. Intense research activities for carbon fiber synthesis, processing of composite materials reinforced by carbon fibers, and their mechanical properties were conducted after carbon fibers were manufactured from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in 1959. Soon after, carbon fibers immediately found military applications as they reducing the weight of structures as a result of their splendid specific elastic modulus and strength. The market for carbon fibers is being expanded every year as their production cost is steadily decreasing. In fact, the aerospace industry is one of the largest growing markets for this technology. In 2007 the Boeing 787 Dreamliner rolled out and took its place in history as the first passenger airplane to be assembled with main wings and fuselage entirely made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). Since PAN-based carbon fibers were manufactured, it has taken almost half of a century for carbon fibers to gain the high reliability needed to be utilized in the primary structures of airplanes. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have collected a great deal of attention by researchers since they were discovered in 1991. Although CNT have much smaller dimension than carbon fibers, CNT show much higher elastic modulus and strength. Since their discovery, CNT are one of the most intense research interests for the community of materials scientists. A lot of ideas for utilizing CNT for commercial products have been proposed, and CNT have been used in several commercial applications, such as automotive components. The research activities that involve CNT also expand interests in other nano-structured carbon related materials. Considering that it took almost 50 years to start utilizing carbon fibers in aircraft structures, it is obvious that it is necessary to continue research activities to improve the synthesis and properties of CNT as well as other nanoscale carbon related structures and their composite materials. The aim of this book is to summarize recent scientific information in several important research topics and to provide this information to active researchers for accelerating research activities. Chapter 1 discusses recent research results in chemical and physical modifications of carbon nanotubes. These modifications of carbon nanotubes can open new potential of CNT-based materials and their devices. Chapter 2 discusses recent progress of chemical sensing and gas storage using CNT. Hydrogen can be a promising future energy resource replacing petroleum. Although the interaction between H2 and untreated CNT is weak, the recent research results showing improvement of hydrogen storage with modified CNT encourages research in gas storage for fuel in next generation. Chapter 3 discusses helical CNT and carbon nanofibers (CNF) showing spring-like structures. Although the synthesis for helical CNT and CNF may be less focused than that of straight CNT, helical CNT can find new applications such as microsensors and actuator applications, due to their unique morphology and structure. Chapter 4 discusses mechanical and thermophysical properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. The addition of CNT results in the improvement of polymer properties. Especially for structural applications, it is important to understand fracture, fatigue, and impact properties, as well as thermal stability and fire safety. Chapter 5 discusses activated carbon, carbon materials mostly derived from charcoal. Although the activated carbon have been used for long time, this still find new applications including energy storage, environmental protection, and gas purification. The production process of activated carbon from biomass is mainly focused in this chapter. Chapter 6 discusses graphite intercalation compounds (GIC). Various atoms or molecules enter into the gallery of graphene layers to form GIC. GIC can find applications such as electrodes of Li ion battery. New nanoscale carbon materials can be used as host materials for possible new GIC. Chapter 7 discusses a newly-developed method, called Reactions Under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperatures (RAPET) for fabricating various carbonaceous nanostructures materials. This processing method can provide novel functional materials when combining it with inorganic and metallic materials. Chapter 8 discusses experimental techniques to sense mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of carbon-related reinforcing materials. These experimental techniques are certainly useful to understand material properties in detail and to improve material processing and properties. The aim for this review book is that it provides worldwide knowledge on wide topics and is useful for materials scientists to understand the broad range of research activities for nano- and micro-scale carbon materials. I would highly appreciate all efforts all authors have made to provide an up-to-date research activity information in each topic. I would also like to thank Dr. S.G.Pandalai for his kind support and encouragement in publishing this review book. Welcome to the 21st century of carbon related technology!
