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Languages : en
Pages :
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Languages : en
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Author: Jord Hollenberg
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3638920828
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 53
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: A-; 16 Punkte, Suffolk University Law School (International Law), course: International Trade Regulations, 18 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: One of the main objectives of rules of origin should be uniformity and simplicity in their administration. Although this is not always true, developing and developed countries have undertaken the task towards simplification, harmonization and liberalization of rules of origin. This harmonization work has been carried out under the auspices of the Committee on Rules of Origin (CRO) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Technical Committee on Rules of Origin (TCRO) of the Brussels-based World Customs Cooperation Council, which has been responsible for the technical part of the work, including discussions on the rules of origin options for each product. After all, an Agreement on Rules of Origin (ARO) was established in the WTO. This 'first-ever' agreement is designed to harmonize and to clarify non-preferential rules of origin for goods in trade on the basis of the substantial transformation test. The WTO wants to ensure that their rules are transparent and do not distort or disrupt on international trade, that they are administered in a consistent, uniform, impartial and reasonable manner, and that they are based on a positive standard. That means the ARO in WTO wants to state what does confer origin rather than what does not. This work wants to give an overview about - 'Non-preferential Rules of Origin', especially the dispute concerning the New American Rules of Origin for Textile Products among the European Communities and the United States (WT/DS85;WT/DS151) - 'Preferential Rules of Origin' - 'Rules of Origin as a Trade Barrier' - 'Rules of Origin as a Factor of Production'
Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437980767
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
Determining the country of origin of a product is important for properly assessing tariffs, enforcing trade remedies (such as antidumping and countervailing duties) or quantitative restrictions (tariff quotas), and statistical purposes. Other commercial trade policies are also linked with origin determinations, such as country of origin labeling and government procurement regulations. Rules of origin (ROO), used to determine the country of origin of merchandise entering the U.S. market, can be very simple, noncontroversial tools of international trade as long as all of the parts of a product are manufactured and assembled primarily in one country. However, when a finished product's component parts originate in many countries, as is often the case in today's global trading environment, determining origin can be a very complex, sometimes subjective, and time-consuming process. This report deals with ROO in three parts. First, we describe in more detail the reasons that country of origin rules are important and briefly describe U.S. laws and methods that provide direction in making these determinations. Second, we discuss briefly some of the more controversial issues involving rules of origin, including the apparently subjective nature of some CBP origin determinations, and the effects of the global manufacturing process on ROO. Third, we conclude with some alternatives and options that Congress could consider that might assist in simplifying the process.
Author: Stefano Inama
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107081556
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1323
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This book provides comprehensive, in-depth analysis of the different sets of rules of origin adopted by major trading partners and worldwide, as well as efforts to establish multilateral rules at WTO and WCO. It discusses the status of non-preferential as well as preferential rules of origin in international trade, their evolution during the last decades and their tendencies and future. With its multidisciplinary approach, this book's contents provide comparative analysis of the relevant legal and economic features of different rules origin compilation sets, reviewing their drafting differences and their implications and impact on the economic and industrial environments. This edition has been updated and expanded to include the latest developments on rules of origin at multilateral level in WTO and WCO and on rules of origin in recent FTAs. Drawing from his thirty years of experience, Stefano Inama provides insights from trade negotiations along with practical tools for policy makers and practitioners, orientation for the private sector and analytical tools for researchers.
Author: Jord Hollenberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Certificates of origin
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Author: Dzmitry Kniahin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Certificates of origin
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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An explosion of different Rules of Origin (ROO) has accompanied the spread of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) around the world. These apply equally to non-reciprocal PTAs like GSP (Generalized System of Preferences), AGOA (African Growth and Opportunity Act), EBA (Everything but Arms) and all the reciprocal PTAs. These Preferential ROO (PROO), the subject of this paper, are different from Non-Preferential (NPROO). Often tailor-made, PROO aim to prevent transshipment and trade deflection across PTAs. At the same time, these PROO are supposed to be sufficiently user-friendly to support supply chain trade, and in Africa, regional value chains at the continental level. PROO are non-tariff barriers (NTBs) for exporters. Complying with ROO requirements entail costs for producers, exporters, and customs officials. Observers, firms, customs officials, and policy-makers have advocated simplification and, in the case of large-membership PTAs like African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), harmonization as well. Following the creation of the WTO and the accompanying move towards a rules-based world trade system, many Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs), like absolute quotas, domestic content requirements, have been abolished, leaving PROO as one of the few areas where countries can negotiate requirements reciprocally unimpeded. The result is a forest of ROO which we still discover and know relatively little about, except perhaps that if (knowledgeable) traders estimate that compliance costs exceed benefits from preferential market access, they will not apply for preferential status. Indeed, for the majority of PTAs, publicly available information on Preference Utilisation Rates (PURs) are not available. Even, if PURs were available, all we would know is that rents from preference margins would exceed compliance costs. The paper surveys the literature drawing on the extensive database in ITC's ROF database covering 54,000 distinct ROO spread across 370 PTAs to illustrate the issues covered in the literature. First, word overlap and regulatory proximity metrics are applied to the Regime Wide Rules (RWRs) and Product Specific Rules (PSRs) in the major families of ROO: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), EU PANEURO, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to gauge differences across these families. The results from the comparisons raise the possibility of excessive diversity in ROO criteria, which may apply also to ROO for non-preferential purposes (e.g. 'made in' labelling). The remaining sections review what we know about the compliance costs associated with ROO requirements. These costs are illustrated graphically in section 3 and summarized in a formula that decomposes compliance costs along two dimensions: distortionary costs resulting from the restrictiveness of ROOs and administrative costs. Section 4 surveys the evidence by themes: (i) determinants of the utilisation of preferences; (ii) effects on third countries outside the PTA; (iii) choice of rule; (iv) preference margin and complexity of rules; (v) trade deflection; (vi) firm-level evidence. In conclusion, drawing lessons from the empirical literature is a complicated exercise because preference uptake, an important indicator of compliance costs, is only available for a handful of PTAs at the disaggregated product level.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Certificates of origin
Languages : vi
Pages : 136
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Author: Marc Bacchetta
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789287038128
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Trade flows and trade policies need to be properly quantified to describe, compare, or follow the evolution of policies between sectors or countries or over time. This is essential to ensure that policy choices are made with an appropriate knowledge of the real conditions. This practical guide introduces the main techniques of trade and trade policy data analysis. It shows how to develop the main indexes used to analyze trade flows, tariff structures, and non-tariff measures. It presents the databases needed to construct these indexes as well as the challenges faced in collecting and processing these data, such as measurement errors or aggregation bias. Written by experts with practical experience in the field, A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis has been developed to contribute to enhance developing countries' capacity to analyze and implement trade policy. It offers a hands-on introduction on how to estimate the distributional effects of trade policies on welfare, in particular on inequality and poverty. The guide is aimed at government experts engaged in trade negotiations, as well as students and researchers involved in trade-related study or research. An accompanying DVD contains data sets and program command files required for the exercises. Copublished by the WTO and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Author: Olivier Cadot
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191537373
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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Book Description
The dark side of preferential trade agreements, Rules of Origin (RoO) are used to determine the eligibility of goods to preferential treatment. Ostensibly meant to prevent the trans-shipment of imported products across Free Trade Agreement borders after superficial screwdriver assembly, they act in reality as complex and opaque trade barriers. This book provides evidence strongly suggesting that they do so by intent rather than accidentally—-in other words, that RoOs are policy. Part one draws insights about the effects of RoOs on cross-border trade and outsourcing from recent economic theory. Part two reviews the evidence on RoOs in preferential agreements around the world, putting together the most comprehensive dataset on RoOs to date. Part three explores their "political economy"—-how special interests have shaped them and continue to do so. Part four provides econometric evidence on their costs for exporters and consequent effects on trade flows. Finally, part five explores how they affect trade in the developing world where they spread rapidly and have the potential to do most harm. Beyond the collection of new evidence and its interpretation in light of recent theory, the book's overall message for the policy community is that RoOs are a potentially powerful and new barrier to trade. Rather than being relegated to closed-door technical meetings, their design should hold center-stage in trade negotiations.
Author: Emmanuelle Ganne
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789287047618
Category : Blockchains (Databases)
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Trade has always been shaped by technological innovation. In recent times, a new technology, Blockchain, has been greeted by many as the next big game-changer. Can Blockchain revolutionize international trade? This publication seeks to demystify the Blockchain phenomenon by providing a basic explanation of the technology. It analyses the relevance of this technology for international trade by reviewing how it is currently used or can be used in the various areas covered by WTO rules. In doing so, it provides an insight into the extent to which this technology could affect cross-border trade in goods and services, and intellectual property rights. It discusses the potential of Blockchain for reducing trade costs and enhancing supply chain transparency as well as the opportunities it provides for small-scale producers and companies. Finally, it reviews various challenges that must be addressed before the technology can be used on a wide scale and have a significant impact on international trade.
