Author: Sheying Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 81

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Description of the engineering development and testing of a desalination system for brackish water, powered by solar electric (photovoltaic) modules, intended for use in remote areas where potable water and electric power are not now available. The system consists of a 24 V battery, DC motor, high pressure pump, reverse osmosis membranes, a filter and an electronic controller, and is powered by an array of 24 standard PV modules.

Author: Omid Mahian
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0323900038
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 384

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Book Description
Solar-Driven Water Treatment: Re-engineering and Accelerating Nature’s Water Cycle looks at the use of solar energy and in particular photovoltaic technologies, as a viable, accessible and sustainable option in the treatment of water. Solar-Driven Water Treatment: Re-engineering and Accelerating Nature’s Water Cycle provides insight into the different solar powered technologies, in-depth information about the viability of sunlight in the water treatment process, the potential environmental implications as well as the performance, economics, operation and maintenance of the discussed technologies. Elaborating on the potential issues and health risks associated with the water purification systems this reference also covers the need for appropriate technologies in the present scenario to improve worldwide access to clean drinking water. Readers will learn the most appropriate technology for their specific need making this book useful for renewable energy and environmental engineers in investigating energy efficiency, water treatment technologies, and the economics of technological change in the treatment of water by solar technologies. Provides a valuable resource on how to solve the issue of drinking water scarcity by solar energy Describes various solar water treatment techniques with their environmental impacts Cover issues associated with solar water purification and the need for technology assessment

Author: Larry Xingming Gao
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 224

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Book Description
Water shortages in many areas of the world have increased the need for fresh water production through water desalination in applications such as the production of potable water, use in agricultural irrigation, and wastewater reuse. In this regard, reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination of both seawater and inland brackish water has emerged as the leading technology for water desalination, with a growing number of large-scale desalination plants in the planning and/or construction stages. Currently, the design of a water desalination plant is typically tailored to the specific water source in terms of meeting productivity targets and pre-treatment requirements. The standard operating procedure is to determine one optimal operating state for an RO system (e.g., overall water recovery, membrane cleaning frequency) and maintain this specific operating point for the duration of operation. However, these methods do not adequately account for the variability in feed water salinity and fouling propensity, and may result in suboptimal operation with respect to excessive energy consumption, poor RO feed pre-treatment, and degradation of RO membrane performance. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective process control approaches which can mitigate membrane fouling and reduce RO energy consumption in order to improve the robustness of the RO desalination process. In order to reduce membrane fouling, several concepts which involve improvements to RO plant pre-filtration capability (e.g., the addition of a separate, modular ultrafiltration membrane process, the use of a transient high-flux "pulse" backwash) were developed. The concept of direct integration of ultrafiltration (UF) and RO was introduced, whereby the UF filtrate is fed directly to the RO and the RO concentrate is used for UF backwash. Additionally, a control system was designed for the UF pre-treatment unit whereby membrane fouling was reduced through optimization of backwash through a combination of varying the backwash frequency and varying the coagulant dose. This approach was shown to significantly reduce membrane fouling and significantly increased operation duration before chemical cleaning was required (~900% longer). In order to reduce energy consumption of RO desalination, energy-optimal control systems featuring a novel two-layered controller architecture were developed and implemented using fundamental models of specific energy consumption (SEC) of single-stage and two-stage RO systems. The implemented control algorithms utilized extensive sensor measurements from the pilot plants (i.e., flow rate, pressure, conductivity, etc.) to determine the optimal operating set-points for the RO systems (e.g., system feed flow rate, system feed pressure, and overall system water recovery). Accordingly, the control system shifted the RO system operation to the operating conditions that resulted in the lowest energy consumption for a given feed salinity and for a given target product water productivity while accounting for system constraints. The control and design concepts developed in this dissertation were tested on two water purification systems, constructed by a team at UCLA. The two pilot plants were the Smart Integrated Membrane System - Seawater (SIMS-SW) and the Smart Integrated Membrane System - Brackish Water (SIMS-BW). Field tests of the control systems were conducted and the results successfully demonstrated the ability for the control systems presented in this dissertation to reduce membrane fouling and RO energy consumption.

Author: Syed Javaid Zaidi
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128241721
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 489

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Book Description
Reverse Osmosis Systems: Design, Optimization and Troubleshooting Guide describes in depth knowledge of designing and operating reverse osmosis (RO) systems for water desalination, and covers issues which will effect the probability for the long-standing success of the application. It also provides guidelines that will increase the performance of seawater RO desalination systems by avoiding errors in the design and operation and suggest corrective measures and troubleshooting of the problems encountered during RO operation. This book also provides guidelines for the best RO design and operational performance. In the introductory section, the book covers the history of RO along with the fundamentals, principles, transport models, and equations. Following sections cover the practical areas such as pretreatment processes, design parameters, design software programs (WAVE, IMSDesign, TORAYDS2, Lewaplus, ROAM Ver. 2.0, Winflows etc.), RO performance monitoring, normalization software programs (RODataXL and TorayTrak), troubleshooting as well as system engineering. Simplified methods to use the design software programs are also properly illustrated and the screenshots of the results, methods etc. are also given here along with a video tutorial.The final section of the book includes the frequently asked questions along with their answers. Moreover, various case studies carried out and recent developments related to RO system performance, membrane fouling, scaling, and degradation studies have been analyzed. The book also has several work out examples, which are detailed in a careful as well as simple manner that help the reader to understand and follow it properly. The information presented in some of the case studies are obtained from existing commercial RO desalination plants. These topics enable the book to become a perfect tool for engineers and plant operators/technicians, who are responsible for RO system design, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. With the right system design, proper operation, and maintenance program, the RO system can offer high purity water for several years. Provides guidelines for the optimum design and operational performance of reverse osmosis desalination plants Presents step-by-step procedure to design reverse osmosis system with the latest design software programs along with a video tutorial Analyzes some of the issues faced during the design and operation of the reverse osmosis desalination systems, suggest corrective measures and its troubleshooting Discusses reverse osmosis desalination pretreatment processes, design parameters, system performance monitoring, and normalization software programs Examines recent developments related to system performance, membrane fouling, and scaling studies Presents case studies related to commercial reverse osmosis desalination plants Perfect training guide for engineers and plant operators, who are responsible for reverse osmosis system design, operation and maintainance

Author: Jan Rentowski
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 210

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Author: Rafal Alshukri
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nanofiltration
Languages : en
Pages : 404

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Book Description
Desalination systems powered by renewable energy sources have significant potential for providing potable water without negatively impacting climate change, and one especially promising energy source for desalination is photovoltaic power. However, for the widespread implementation of such systems to be feasible, desalination systems' energy consumption must be reduced. One way to achieve this is using pretreatment systems, and this thesis investigates the potential of a novel hybrid nanofiltration-reverse osmosis photovoltaic system that uses nanofiltration concentrate as reverse osmosis feed. To establish baseline information about the energy consumptions and performances of photovoltaic reverse osmosis systems and photovoltaic nanofiltration systems, initial experiments gathered precise information about the relative performances of standalone photovoltaic nanofiltration and reverse osmosis systems under several different operating conditions. These experiments determined how pressure, ion type, ion concentration, and temperature affected the two systems. A second set of experiments investigated the energy consumption and performance of the hybrid nanofiltration - reverse osmosis system. Full factorial bench-scale experiments were run with different levels of salinity, temperature, and pressure, as well as two different types of membrane. Results were analyzed through a variety of statistical tools including regression analysis, t-tests, and analysis of variance. Energy consumption, recovery, and ion rejection rates were linked to initial factors through regression analysis. The experiments found that the novel photovoltaic hybrid nanofiltration-reverse osmosis system achieved higher recovery rates, higher ion rejection, and lower energy consumption than either reverse osmosis or nanofiltration alone. Furthermore, an increase in temperature in the hybrid system reduced energy consumption, as did lower pressure in the nanofiltration stage. Additionally, when the two approaches with the hybrid system were compared--one where permeate was used as feed, and one where concentrate was used as feed--the approach using concentrate as feed achieved significantly higher total recovery and lower energy consumption without sacrificing rejection rate.

Author: Anne-Claire Le Hénaff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 96

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The goal of this research is to design affordable photovoltaic-powered electrodialysis reversal systems capable of desalinating brackish water in remote locations of developing countries, and thereby increase the availability of freshwater in water-stressed areas such as rural India. At the village scale, electrodialysis technology for brackish groundwater desalination has the potential to substantially reduce water wastage and energy consumption compared to on-grid reverse osmosis (RO) plants currently commercialized. Moreover, PV-powered systems can supply water in off-grid locations where on-grid systems cannot be installed, at no environmental cost. However, the levelized cost of water achieved by state-of-the-art PV-EDR systems is still prohibitively high for cost-constrained communities, due to the large battery capacity required to reshape the solar power profile and accommodate the inflexible power profile of the desalination load in constant operation. To reduce water cost, a novel, flexible operational strategy for PV-EDR systems is presented and experimentally validated on a full-scale pilot. By actively controlling voltage and flow rate with a dedicated hardware and software architecture, the ED power consumption is matched to the available solar power at any time. The experimental fraction of solar energy directly used reached 76%, which is 91% higher than in the constant operation case, where the PV-EDR system runs at constant voltage and flow rate. As a result, the experimental system dynamically adapted its desalination rate to the solar irradiance profile, producing freshwater in synchronization with the sun while reducing the need for batteries by 92% on average compared to the conventional operation. Because desalination efficiency decreases as a function of operating power, it is suggested that a small battery capacity would allow reshaping the direct solar power profile into a more suitable profile for water production. If optimally managed, a 3 kWh battery addition on the experimental setup is predicted to increase water production by 25%. A machine-learning-based algorithm was designed to predict the optimal battery management strategy online and is demonstrated in simulation to achieve over 99% of the ideal water production. Shifting from constant to flexible operation is expected to reduce the levelized cost of water by 22% compared to current state-of-the-art PV-EDR systems. This number was obtained by optimizing the flexible PV-EDR system design to minimize levelized cost of water (LCOW) while answering daily demand for one year for a case study village location in Chelluru, India. Most importantly, the optimal flexible PV-EDR system is shown to be cost-competitive with current on-grid community-scale RO desalination solutions in India. Cost projections for ED membrane and brine disposal show that in the future, PV-EDR could produce water at 60% of the cost of water produced with on-grid RO.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 348

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Author: Marc Travesset Mezquita
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Ultrafiltration (UF), due to its reliability, robustness and stable quality of the water produced , offers technical advantages over conventional pretreatments such as sand filtration coupled with coagulation/flocculation or activated carbon. In this study, the real case of a prototype designed, commissioned and operated consisting of an advanced Ultrafiltration unit (DOWTM UF) followed by a Reverse Osmosis system (Filmtec TM Reverse Osmosis elements) is evaluated. The work presented has been obtained wihtin the framework of the UFTEC LIFE+ project financed by the European Union. The prototype, which is located in the Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Sant Joan Despí (Barcelona), treats surface brackish water from the Llobregat River. The raw water has a turbidity ranging between 1--500NTU and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) content around 50-250mg/l. The article discusses the economic optimization of the Ultrafiltration system by experimentally finding which operating conditions enable the lowest operating costs without compromising the overall capacity of the unit and the sustainability of the process. A detailed Design of Experiments has been undertaken in order to assess the impact on the final cost of water of each one of the key operational parameters, such as: operational flux, backwash frequency and sequence, chemical enhanced backwash frequency, sequence and chemicals consumption, etc.. Normalization software tools provided by DOW are used to evaluate the operational data generated by the prototype (Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis). The on-line measurements coupled with the off-line laboratory results demonstrate that the quality of the UF product is not influenced by the quality of the raw water.