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Languages : en
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Author: David Denslow
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
In the past 20 years the Brazilian economy has experienced substantial growth. However, the nature of this growth and the growth process itself have been controversial, with many critics contending that poverty and human misery have increased. Others extol the virtures of this Brazilian model of growth, pointing to the human benefits accompanying the growth process. An analysis of data from the 1980 demographic census attempts to shed light on this debate. A descriptive examination of various measures of poverty is undertaken with comparisons made between 1970 and 1980. Computations are also made of Gini coefficients, Theil indices, and income deciles. This analysis produces some rather far reaching results and conclusions. Despite persistant poverty, during the 1970s substantial progress in reducing poverty and improving living standards occurred. There is some evidence of overall increased income concentration, growing inequality could not be fully discerned by our measures. In addition, reductions in income inequality among regions and among sectors were observed. The agricultural sector in particular was characterized by rapidly growing average incomes, despite growing income inequality within it.
Author: David Denslow
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 47
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Author: Marta Arretche
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319781847
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 371
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This book presents multidisciplinary analyses of the historical trajectories of social and economic inequalities in Brazil over the last 50 years. As one of the most unequal countries in the world, Brazil has always been an important case study for scholars interested in inequality research, but in the last few decades has brought a new phenomenon to renew researchers’ interest in the country. While the majority of democracies in the developed world have witnessed an increase in income inequality from the 1970s on, Brazil has followed the opposite path, registering a significant reduction of income inequality over the last 30 years. Bringing together studies carried out by experts from different areas, such as economists, sociologists, demographers and political scientists, this volume presents insights based on rigorous analyses of statistical data in an effort to explain the long term changes in social and economic inequalities in Brazil. The book adopts a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the relations between income inequality and different dimensions of social life, such as education, health, political participation, public policies, demographics and labor market. All of this makes Paths of Inequality in Brazil – A Half-Century of Change a very valuable resource for social scientists interested in inequality research in general, and especially for sociologists, political scientists and economists interested in the social and economic changes that Brazil went through over the last two decades.
Author: Carlos Góes
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1484326539
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
In this study, we document the decline in income inequality and a convergence in consumption patterns in Brazilian states in a new database constructed from micro data from the national households’ survey. We adjust the state-Gini coefficients for spatial price differences using information on households’ rental prices available in the survey. In a panel regression framework, we find that labor income growth, formalization, and schooling contributed to the decline in inequality during 2004-14, but redistributive policies, such as Bolsa Família, have also played a positive role. Going forward, it will be important to phase out untargeted subsidies, such as public spending on tertiary education, and contain growth of public sector wages, to improve budgetary efficiency and protect gains in equality.
Author: Phillippe George Leite
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Desigualdad economica - Brasil
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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"Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction. "--World Bank web site.
Author: Estanislao Gacit©ða-Mari©?
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821372203
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
Brazil is a country of sharp disparities. The gap between the richest and the poorest citizens is one of the largest in the world. Inequality in Brazil is well-known, but its low mobility is not. Until now, few studies have sought to investigate how forms of social exclusion constrain socioeconomic mobility. Why do particular groups remain excluded and trapped in poverty for generations? What do Brazilians themselves think about income inequality and social mobility? This study explores these issues, provides a set of options to redress them, and promotes a national dialogue for action. In addi.
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Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821358801
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
What makes Brazil so unequal? This title looks at this question and shows how inequalities weaken Brazil's economic development and what are the best policy options to reduce this inequity.
Author: Martin Ravallion
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Author: Charles H. Wood
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521102469
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book examines how transformations in Brazil's social, economic and political organization affect the demographic behaviour of people who live in different parts of the country and who occupy different positions in the social system. The authors review the history of unequal development and document the concentration of income and land ownership. Using data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses, they show how the Brazilian style of economic growth unequally affected different population subgroups. Mortality estimates for white and non-white people measure the consequences of racial inequality on the life chances of children. Other chapters investigate rural out-migration, the impact of Amazon colonization schemes on rural poverty, and the implications of differential rates of population growth among rich and poor households for future patterns of inequality and underemployment. The overall perspective places the concept of inequality at the centre of the study of demographic and structural change.
