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Author:
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540474471
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 227
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Book Description
Electron emission is a fundamental phenomenon which accompanies most interactions of energetic particles with solid surfaces. Not only is it a special effect which for almost ninety years has attracted the interest of physicists, but it is also of acute importance in such fields as radiation effects and transport phenomena in solids (e.g., radiation biology), plasma-surface interactions, microtechnology, surface analysis, ion microscopies, particle detector development and others. While Volume I emphasizes the theoretical description of the mechanisms of electron emission, this volume reviews modern experimental trends and aspects of the phenomenon, e.g., kinetic electron emission from massive solids and from thin foils under bombardment with positive, negative, and neutral particles, and the measurement of electron statistics in connection with potential and kinetic emission due to slow singly and multiply charged projectiles.
Author:
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540474471
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 227
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Book Description
Electron emission is a fundamental phenomenon which accompanies most interactions of energetic particles with solid surfaces. Not only is it a special effect which for almost ninety years has attracted the interest of physicists, but it is also of acute importance in such fields as radiation effects and transport phenomena in solids (e.g., radiation biology), plasma-surface interactions, microtechnology, surface analysis, ion microscopies, particle detector development and others. While Volume I emphasizes the theoretical description of the mechanisms of electron emission, this volume reviews modern experimental trends and aspects of the phenomenon, e.g., kinetic electron emission from massive solids and from thin foils under bombardment with positive, negative, and neutral particles, and the measurement of electron statistics in connection with potential and kinetic emission due to slow singly and multiply charged projectiles.
Author: Raul A. Baragiola
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461528402
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 455
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Book Description
This book collects the papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Ionization of Solids by Heavy Particles", held in Giardini-Naxos (Taormina), Italy, on June 1 -5, 1992. The meeting was the first to gather scientists to discuss the physics of electron emission and other ionization effects occurring during the interaction of heavy particles with condensed matter. The central problem in the field is how to use observations of electron emission and final radiation damage to understand what happens inside the solid, like excitation mechanisms, the propagation of the electronic excitation along different pathways, and surface effects. The ARW began with a brief survey of the field, stressing the unknowns. It was pointed out that ionization theories can only address the very particular case of weak perturbations. For this problem, this meant high speed, low-charged projectiles (a perturbation treatment of interactions with slow, highly charged ions was later presented). Only semi-empirical models exist for velocities lower than the Fermi velocity in the solid, which can be used to predict kinetic electron emission yields. These models, however, do not address the basic questions about the mechanisms for electron excitation, transport and escape through the surface layer.
Author:
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540487239
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 138
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Book Description
This monograph discusses collision-induced electron emission from nearly free-electron metals by ion or electron impact. This subject is, as is well known, of acute importance in understanding plasma-wall interactions in thermonuclear reactors. It is also the basis for one of the most exciting technological developments of the last few years - scanning electron miscroscopy. Several electron excitation mechanisms of electrons in the target are considered: excitation of single conduction and core electrons, excitation by plasmon decay and by Auger processes. Transport of inner excited electrons is simulated by the Boltzmann equation incorporating both elastic and inelastic collisions. The numerical calculation of scattering rates uses a dynamically screened Coulomb interaction. These results for the energy distributions of emerging electrons as well as the electron yield are compared with recent experimental measurements on electron emission from polycrystalline aluminum.
Author: Diederik Depla
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540766642
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 584
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Book Description
In this valuable work, all aspects of the reactive magnetron sputtering process, from the discharge up to the resulting thin film growth, are described in detail, allowing the reader to understand the complete process. Hence, this book gives necessary information for those who want to start with reactive magnetron sputtering, understand and investigate the technique, control their sputtering process and tune their existing process, obtaining the desired thin films.
Author: Frank Wissmann
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783540407423
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
A comprehensive summary of experiments on Compton scattering from the proton and neutron performed at the electron accelerator MAMI. The experiments cover a photon energy range from 30 MeV to 500 MeV. The reader is introduced to the theoretical concepts of Compton scattering, followed by a description of the experiments on the proton, their analysis and results.
Author: Gianangelo Bracco
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642342434
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 668
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Book Description
The book describes the experimental techniques employed to study surfaces and interfaces. The emphasis is on the experimental method. Therefore all chapters start with an introduction of the scientific problem, the theory necessary to understand how the technique works and how to understand the results. Descriptions of real experimental setups, experimental results at different systems are given to show both the strength and the limits of the technique. In a final part the new developments and possible extensions of the techniques are presented. The included techniques provide microscopic as well as macroscopic information. They cover most of the techniques used in surface science.
Author: Dieter Schumacher
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540474749
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
Surface Scattering Experiments with Conduction Electrons shows how this process can be used to investigate surface processes of thin metal films. Since a thin film is in one direction of a size comparable to the mean free path of the conduction electrons, such a film is both substrate and sensor and must be characterized by other surface-analytical methodsas demonstrated here. Also discussed is how the dc-resistivity measurement permits the study of surface processes such as adsorption, desorption, and surface diffusion up to crystalline growth. The in situ observation of epitaxial growth is additionally shown to be possible. Thus the electronic structure of superimposed metal films and superlattices can be elucidated. This is an essential topic for all surface physicists.
Author: Alberto Gras-MartÃ
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 146848026X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 699
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Book Description
Early in 1989, while most of us were gathered in the Mediterranean five-centuries-old city of Alacant, the idea of a school on stopping and particle penetration phenomena came to our minds. Later that year when discussing this plan with some of the participants in the 13th International Conference on Atomic Collisions in Solids in Aarhus, we were pleased to note that the proposal was warmly welcomed indeed by the community. An Advanced Study Institute on this or a related subject had not been organized in the last decade. Because of the progress made particularly in the interaction of high energy beams with matter, and the many applications which the general subject of the stopping of charged particles (ions and electrons) in matter enjoys, a Study Institute appeared a worthy enterprise. Even though several international conference series cover developments in these areas, they miss tutorial introductions to the field. The title chosen was Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces, and the objectives were stated as follows: "to cover theory and experiments, including selected applications and hot topics, of the stopping of charged particles (ions and electrons) in matter. The emphasis will be on outlining the areas where further effort is needed, and on specifying the basic needs in applications. Fundamental concepts will prevail over applications, and the character of the Institute as a school will be stressed. " The school was directed by Fernando Flores (Spain), Herbert M. Urbassek (Germany), Nestor R.
Author: Daniel Lundin
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128124547
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 398
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Book Description
High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering: Fundamentals, Technologies, Challenges and Applications is an in-depth introduction to HiPIMS that emphasizes how this novel sputtering technique differs from conventional magnetron processes in terms of both discharge physics and the resulting thin film characteristics. Ionization of sputtered atoms is discussed in detail for various target materials. In addition, the role of self-sputtering, secondary electron emission and the importance of controlling the process gas dynamics, both inert and reactive gases, are examined in detail with an aim to generate stable HiPIMS processes. Lastly, the book also looks at how to characterize the HiPIMS discharge, including essential diagnostic equipment. Experimental results and simulations based on industrially relevant material systems are used to illustrate mechanisms controlling nucleation kinetics, column formation and microstructure evolution.
Author: Dieter Liesen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1489914129
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 366
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Book Description
Multiply charged ions have always been in the focus of atomic physics, astrophysics, plasma physics, and theoretical physics. Within the last few years, strong progress has been achieved in the development of ion sources, ion storage rings, ion traps, and methods to cool ions. As a consequence, nowadays, experiments with ensembles of multiply charged ions of brilliant quality are performed in many laboratories. The broad spectrum of the experiments demonstrates that these ions are an extremely versatile tool for investigations in pure and applied physics. It was the aim of this ASI to bring together scientists working in different fields of research with multiply charged ions in order to get an overview of the state of the art, to sound out possibilities for fruitful cooperations, and to discuss perspectives for the future. Accordingly, the programme of the ASI reached from established areas like QED calculations, weak interactions, x-ray astronomy, x-ray lasers, multi photon excitation, heavy-ion induced fusion, and ion-surface interactions up to the very recently opened areas like bound-beta decay, laser and x-ray spectroscopy, and spectrometry of ions in rings and traps, and the interaction of highly charged ions with biological cells. Impressive progress in nearly all of the fields could be reported during the meeting which is documented by the contributions to this volume. The theoretical understand ing of QED and correlation effects in few-electron heavy ions is rapidly developing.
