Genetic Variation in Strains of Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp. Michiganensis and the Development of Bird's Eye Fruit Lesions on Tomatoes PDF Download
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Author: Carmen M. Medina-Mora
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bacterial diseases of plants
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Author: Carmen M. Medina-Mora
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bacterial diseases of plants
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Author: Franklin Christopher Peritore
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 321
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Bacterial canker of tomato is an economically devastating disease with a worldwide distribution caused by the gram-positive pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis. The seedborne pathogen systemically colonizes the tomato xylem, causing unilateral leaflet wilt, stem and petiole cankers, marginal leaf necrosis, and plant death. Splash dispersal of the bacterium onto fruit exteriors causes bird's-eye lesions, which are characterized as necrotic centers surrounded by white halos. The pathogen can colonize developing seeds systemically through the xylem and through penetration of fruit tissues from the exterior. There are no commercially available resistant tomato cultivars, and copper-based bactericides have limited efficacy for controlling the disease once the pathogen is in the xylem. This dissertation describes differences in pathogen colonization of xylem and fruit between tolerant and susceptible Solanum species, demonstrating that C. michiganensis is impeded in systemic and intravascular spread in the xylem, and is capable of causing bird's-eye lesions on wild tomato fruit. The size at which S. lycopersicum fruit inoculated with C. michiganensis and two additional bacterial pathogens begins developing lesions, peaks in susceptibility, and ceases developing lesions was determined in wildtype and ethylene-responsive mutants. Changes in chemical composition of xylem sap from susceptible S. lycopersicum and tolerant S. habrochaites plants during C. michiganensis infection was determined using untargeted metabolomics. Finally, a high-resolution proteome of C. michiganensis pellets and supernatant samples was generated and used to refine the reference genome. Together, these data provide a deeper understanding of C. michiganensis colonization of diverse host tissues, as well as host responses that may contribute to symptom development.
Author: Matthew Tancos
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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The Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, and an economically devastating seed-borne pathogen that inflicts considerable damage throughout all major tomato producing regions. Within New York, annual outbreaks are a common occurrence since C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is easily spread by infected transplants, improper sanitation, and/or contaminated seed. In order to better characterize the pathogen and its interactions with tomato, my research focused on population diversity and the in planta movement of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, with an emphasis on virulence and modes of infection. The first chapter explores the diversity of the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis New York population. Over an eleven year period, 51 field isolates were collected from independent outbreaks throughout New York and characterized with both repetitive element-PCR and multilocus sequence analysis. Our research identified a highly diverse New York C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis population. Several of the isolates were reoccurring strains, but many were novel and appeared on farms with no previous history of bacterial canker of tomato, suggesting recent introduction events from infected seed or transplants. The second chapter investigates the routes of seed infection by using a constitutively eGFP-expressing virulent C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolate (GCMM-22) to demonstrate that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis does not only access seeds systemically through the xylem, but also externally through tomato fruit lesions, which harbor high intra-and intercellular populations. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was observed within the developing seed, endosperm, and funiculus, although at relatively low levels compared to the large number of cells observed in the xylem and pericarp cells. Chapter 3 characterizes the i putative plant-like expansin gene, CmEXLX2, in order to elucidate its role in disease development. Disruption of CmEXLX2 in C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis resulted in significant increases in necrosis, atypical lesion proliferation, and symptom development on tomato, compared to the wild-type and complemented strains. No differences in growth were observed in vitro between strains, but larger in planta mutant populations appeared to be directly associated with increased disease severity. We hypothesize that increased necrosis within the nutrient-poor xylem may result in increased nutrient availability, yielding larger in planta mutant populations and magnifying symptom progression. Finally, included in the appendix is a preliminary molecular study investigating the role of a putative [beta]-N-acetylglucosaminidase (nagA) in C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis infections. Proteomic studies demonstrated that [beta]-N-acetylglucosaminidase was the third most upregulated protein under infectionmimicking conditions, but its role in infection remains unknown. Disruption of nagA resulted in the reduction of bacterial attachment in vitro when grown in tomato sap.
Author: Renee Marie De Vries-Paterson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant propagation
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Author: Shulamit Manulis
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bacterial diseases of plants
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Author: Eduardo Bernal (Plant pathologist)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bacterial diseases of plants
Languages : en
Pages : 148
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Bacterial spot disease of tomato is caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans, and X. gardneri. The disease causes black necrotic spots on leaves and sunken lesions on fruit, which affect the yield and marketability of the crop. I utilized a DNA-based marker assisted background genome selection strategy to develop near-isogenic tomato lines (NILs) with resistance and then challenged this germplasm with multiple species of Xanthomonas. The NILs were released to genetic stock centers and the seed industry. Subsequently I used these genetic resources to characterize infection by X. gardneri on tomato leaves and fruit in time-course experiments using in vivo imaging technology (IVIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). I used a bioluminescent X. gardneri strain, engineered with the luxCDABE operon, to visualize infection. IVIS provided a method to quantify and distinguish differences between resistant NILs and susceptible tomato lines. In parallel, bioluminescence signals from IVIS illuminated infection processes on leaf surfaces and fruit. X. gardneri colonization occurred at hydathodes on leaf margins. I determined that bacterial spot symptoms are more numerous when small immature fruit between 0.5 - 1.5 cm are infected. IVIS technology allowed us to determine that bacteria can colonize fruit affected by Blossom End Rot. This observation is important to the seed industry as a likely source of infected seed. Plant genetic variation effects lesion development on fruit, and tomato germplasm with the highest density of multi-cellular trichomes had the fewest number of lesions, suggesting a genetic approach to reduce fruit infection. Finally, bacterial populations continue to shift over space and time. To assess which Xanthomonas species are contributing to epidemics I characterized populations in the Midwest between 2017-2019. I observed that X. gardneri has been displaced by X. perforans as the dominant species causing bacterial spot of tomato in Ohio and Indiana, and that race T4 has displaced race T3. Whole genome sequencing was utilized to characterize strains and a phylogenetic approach demonstrated that all Midwestern strains were nearly identical, grouping under the same clade as X. perforans race T4 isolates from Florida collected in 2012. All T4 isolates contained the same previously described mutation in the bacterial effector avrXv3. In addition they contained the effector avrBsT, which is associated with increased fitness. These findings suggest a role for migration in changing pathogen populations. This updated understanding of Xanthomonas populations in Midwestern states will influence the deployment of resistant tomato germplasm and the continued hunt for further sources of resistance to bacterial spot.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clavibacter michiganensis
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Author: Mary Katherine Bryan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Tomatoes
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Author: Doron Teper
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 53
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Author: M'Barek Fatmi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clavibacter michiganensis
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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