Free Cash Flow (FCF), Economic Value Added (EVATM), and Net Present Value (NPV) PDF Download
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Author: Ronald E. Shrieves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The paper assists the user of DCF methods by clearly setting forth the relationship of free-cash-flow (FCF) and economic value added (EVATM) concepts to each other and to the more traditional applications of DCF thinking. We follow others in demonstrating the equivalence between EVA and NPV, but our approach is more general in that it links the problems of security valuation, enterprise valuation, and investment project selection. Additionally, our approach relates more directly to use of standard financial accounting information. Beginning with cash budget identity, we show that the discounting of appropriately defined cash flows under the free-cash-flow valuation approach (FCF) is mathematically equivalent to the discounting of appropriately defined economic profits under the EVATM approach. The concept of net operating profit after-tax (NOPAT), found by adding after-tax interest payments to net profit after taxes, is central to both approaches, but there the computational similarities end. The FCF approach focuses on the periodic total cash flows obtained by deducting total net investment and adding net debt issuance to net operating cash flow, whereas the EVATM approach requires defining the periodic total investment in the firm. In a project valuation context, both FCF and EVATM are conceptually equivalent to NPV. Each approach necessitates a myriad of adjustments to the accounting information available for most corporations.
Author: Ronald E. Shrieves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The paper assists the user of DCF methods by clearly setting forth the relationship of free-cash-flow (FCF) and economic value added (EVATM) concepts to each other and to the more traditional applications of DCF thinking. We follow others in demonstrating the equivalence between EVA and NPV, but our approach is more general in that it links the problems of security valuation, enterprise valuation, and investment project selection. Additionally, our approach relates more directly to use of standard financial accounting information. Beginning with cash budget identity, we show that the discounting of appropriately defined cash flows under the free-cash-flow valuation approach (FCF) is mathematically equivalent to the discounting of appropriately defined economic profits under the EVATM approach. The concept of net operating profit after-tax (NOPAT), found by adding after-tax interest payments to net profit after taxes, is central to both approaches, but there the computational similarities end. The FCF approach focuses on the periodic total cash flows obtained by deducting total net investment and adding net debt issuance to net operating cash flow, whereas the EVATM approach requires defining the periodic total investment in the firm. In a project valuation context, both FCF and EVATM are conceptually equivalent to NPV. Each approach necessitates a myriad of adjustments to the accounting information available for most corporations.
Author: Ronald E. Shrieves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The paper assists the user of DCF methods by clearly setting forth the relationship of free-cash-flow (FCF) and economic value added (EVATM) concepts to each other and to the more traditional applications of DCF thinking. We follow others in demonstrating the equivalence between EVA and NPV, but our approach is more general in that it links the problems of security valuation, enterprise valuation, and investment project selection. Additionally, our approach relates more directly to use of standard financial accounting information. Beginning with cash budget identity, we show that the discounting of appropriately defined cash flows under the free-cash-flow valuation approach (FCF) is mathematically equivalent to the discounting of appropriately defined economic profits under the EVATM approach. The concept of net operating profit after-tax (NOPAT), found by adding after-tax interest payments to net profit after taxes, is central to both approaches, but there the computational similarities end. The FCF approach focuses on the periodic total cash flows obtained by deducting total net investment and adding net debt issuance to net operating cash flow, whereas the EVATM approach requires defining the periodic total investment in the firm. In a project valuation context, both FCF and EVATM are conceptually equivalent to NPV. Each approach necessitates a myriad of adjustments to the accounting information available for most corporations.
Author: Dennis Schön
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3638296229
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 77
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Book Description
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2003 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,3 (A), Northumbria University (Newcastle Business School), language: English, abstract: This study investigates the underlying theories and assumptions of two modern capital market-based valuation approaches, the Discounted-Cash-Flow (DCF) and the Economic-Value-Added (EVA) approach, which are nowadays applied principally for industrial and manufacturing firms. This general examination is then transferred into a more specific investigation exploring whether these valuation concepts can be applied to the strongly regulated and more specific field of bank valuation. A questionnaire addressing bank analysts was created to analyse this question. The project indicates that the ideas of shareholder value which have been enforced over the last decade have implemented the need for a more shareholder-focused valuation. The application of DCF is basically attributed to this movement. It is revealed that this concept uses cash flow streams which depict a more realistic picture of an organization’s true earning power. Moreover, it employs a discount rate based on the capital market and thus reflecting the yield expectations of the investors. EVA, on the other hand is a relatively new concept, copyrighted in 1994 by Stern Stewart. It highlights an organization’s true economic profits. The study examines its components NOPAT, Capital and Cost of Capital, establishes a relation to DCF, points out some general limitations due to the fact that it falls back on accounting figures and critically assesses its dependence on the CAPM whose inherent assumptions of efficient markets that are not transferable into reality, might affect the valuation. The primary research undertaken finally reveals that the concepts of DCF and EVA are basically suitable to be applied to the valuation of banks. However, there are some peculiarities, primarily due to difficulties associated with the definition and measurement of debt and reinvestments which make slight adjustments in the valuation process indispensable. Nevertheless, the end result is just as effective as in other industries.
Author: Joseph Tham
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0126860408
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 518
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Book Description
The authors strive to 'close the gap' between the two main approaches to cash flow valuation - from financial statements to cash flows, and from cash flows to financial statements - by presenting the principles in a clear and systematic fashion.
Author: Ralph Johann
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3640159764
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - General, grade: 1.3, California State University, Fullerton, course: Theory of Corporate Finance, 21 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: This paper will deal with the procedure and implementations of firm/stock valuation using FCF approach and WACC - the weighted average cost of capital. On the road, the different approaches and methods of firm valuation, the various inputs of WACC and the final procedure finding the fair market value of the firm using Pro Forma Financial Statements, will be discussed. In this valuation method the two main parts contributing to the final value of the firm are Free Cash Flows (FCF) and the weighted average cost of capital. It is then used the time value of money concept along with some educated guesses about the long term sales growth rate and the long term WACC to apply common capital budgeting rules of project evaluation. Besides that, the paper will shortly discuss the influence of capital structure on a firm's value. It will come out that there is a difference in value whether the company is leveraged and uses debt or not. When it comes to the different inputs of the WACC, a main focus will be on the required rate of return for shareholders. Finding the 'right' beta and an appropriate estimate for the market risk premium are the main issues of that part. Therefore, the CAPM model and its specific determinants will be analyzed. Thereafter, the nature of pro forma financial statements and the different parts of them will be defined. It will be described how the 'free cash flows' are determined and how that leads to the actual valuation procedure. Finally, the paper will focus on the terminal value as probably the most important and affecting part of the calculated firm value and its nature as a perpetuity in an investing perspective. The conclusion will finally deal with a critical assessment of the firm valuation process with the FCF method.
Author: Ignacio Velez-Pareja
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
SUBJECT AREAS: Corporate Finance, Valuation, Capital Budgeting, Investment Policy, Economic Value Added, EVA, Market Value Added, MVA, Net Present Value, NPV, cash flows, free cash flows real free cash flowsThis technical note studies Economic Value Added, EVA. First, a conceptual framework regarding Net Present Value, NPV, is presented. Second, the note presents an approach for calculating the free cash flow of a project starting from the periodic net cash flows. Third, a procedure for calculating the real free cash flow is developed. Fourth, the EVA is presented and contrasted to NPV. EVA starts from accounting figures (profit) and NPV starts from net cash flows. The coincidence between MVA and NPV is examined. Four examples are presented which reveal some inconsistencies between the two measurement. The four examples show circumstances where EVA underestimates the value generated by a project or firm as compared with the NPV. An approach for calculating the real EVA is presented. The note offers reflections upon figures that should be employed in order to calculate the cost of the invested capital or equity to be included in EVA calculation. Finally, different approaches to calculate EVA and MVA are compared with NPV results.
Author: Bhagaban Das
Publisher: Deep and Deep Publications
ISBN: 9788184502107
Category : Economic value added
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher: Richard Malekian
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Author: Ralph Johann
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3640158725
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - General, grade: 1.3, California State University, Fullerton, course: Theory of Corporate Finance, language: English, abstract: This paper will deal with the procedure and implementations of firm/stock valuation using FCF approach and WACC – the weighted average cost of capital. On the road, the different approaches and methods of firm valuation, the various inputs of WACC and the final procedure finding the fair market value of the firm using Pro Forma Financial Statements, will be discussed. In this valuation method the two main parts contributing to the final value of the firm are Free Cash Flows (FCF) and the weighted average cost of capital. It is then used the time value of money concept along with some educated guesses about the long term sales growth rate and the long term WACC to apply common capital budgeting rules of project evaluation. Besides that, the paper will shortly discuss the influence of capital structure on a firm’s value. It will come out that there is a difference in value whether the company is leveraged and uses debt or not. When it comes to the different inputs of the WACC, a main focus will be on the required rate of return for shareholders. Finding the ‘right’ beta and an appropriate estimate for the market risk premium are the main issues of that part. Therefore, the CAPM model and its specific determinants will be analyzed. Thereafter, the nature of pro forma financial statements and the different parts of them will be defined. It will be described how the ‘free cash flows’ are determined and how that leads to the actual valuation procedure. Finally, the paper will focus on the terminal value as probably the most important and affecting part of the calculated firm value and its nature as a perpetuity in an investing perspective. The conclusion will finally deal with a critical assessment of the firm valuation process with the FCF method.
Author: Lutz Kruschwitz
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470870451
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
Firm valuation is currently a very exciting topic. It is interesting for those economists engaged in either practice or theory, particularly for those in finance. The literature on firm valuation recommends logical, quantitative methods, which deal with establishing today's value of future free cash flows. In this respect firm valuation is identical with the calculation of the discounted cash flow, DCF. There are, however, different coexistent versions, which seem to compete against each other. Entity approach and equity approach are thus differentiated. Acronyms are often used, such as APV (adjusted present value) or WACC (weighted average cost of capital), whereby these two concepts are classified under entity approach. Why are there several procedures and not just one? Do they all lead to the same result? If not, where do the economic differences lie? If so, for what purpose are different methods needed? And further: do the known procedures suffice? Or are there situations where none of the concepts developed up to now delivers the correct value of the firm? If so, how is the appropriate valuation formula to be found? These questions are not just interesting for theoreticians; even the practitioner who is confronted with the task of marketing his or her results has to deal with it. The authors systematically clarify the way in which these different variations of the DCF concept are related throughout the book ENDORSEMENTS FOR LÖFFLER: DISCOUNTED 0-470-87044-3 "Compared with the huge number of books on pragmatic approaches to discounted cash flow valuation, there are remarkably few that lay out the theoretical underpinnings of this technique. Kruschwitz and Löffler bring together the theory in this area in a consistent and rigorous way that should be useful for all serious students of the topic." --Ian Cooper, London Business School "This treatise on the market valuation of corporate cash flows offers the first reconciliation of conventional cost-of-capital valuation models from the corporate finance literature with state-pricing (or 'risk-neutral' pricing) models subsequently developed on the basis of multi-period no-arbitrage theories. Using an entertaining style, Kruschwitz and Löffler develop a precise and theoretically consistent definition of 'cost of capital', and provoke readers to drop vague or contradictory alternatives." --Darrell Duffie, Stanford University "Handling firm and personal income taxes properly in valuation involves complex considerations. This book offers a new, precise, clear and concise theoretical path that is pleasant to read. Now it is the practitioners task to translate this approach into real-world applications!" --Wolfgang Wagner, PricewaterhouseCoopers "It is an interesting book, which has some new results and it fills a gap in the literature between the usual undergraduate material and the very abstract PhD material in such books as that of Duffie (Dynamic Asset Pricing Theory). The style is very engaging, which is rare in books pitched at this level." --Martin Lally, University of Wellington
