Form-Profiling of Optics Using the Geometry Measuring Machine and the M-48 CMM at NIST PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 9781422328415
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 9781422328415
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 12
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 720
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Book Description
Author: Kevin E. Bowes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 538
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Book Description
Spherical optics produced by traditional polishing methods are easy and inexpensive to manufacture. However, these types of optics are currently limited by spherical aberrations induced as a result of the figuring process. In order to alleviate these optical aberrations, and at the same time minimize the number of elements used in an optical system, the required form of the optical element must be of the aspheric or free-form variety. Ultra precision multi-axis diamond machining can be used to manufacture optical quality aspheric and free-form components. Thermal environmental changes while machining a part, especially large parts several meters in size, can lead to significant form deviation. Final inspection is not typically completed while the part is on the machine; rather the part is measured externally with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), an optical scanner, or an interferometer. Improper operator use of contact measurements can compromise the surface quality, interferometry is best suited to nearly flat or spherical components, and common optical scanning techniques often do not meet desired measurement uncertainties. Further, removing the part for the measurement breaks the connection between the part and machine-tool coordinate systems and re-machining is difficult. Currently, the limiting factor in part manufacturing is the precision metrology used to assess surface form errors. If measurements of the form could be performed in-situ, while the part is being machined, then better parts could be manufactured where inaccuracies in the surface form caused by the machine tool can be corrected. The new measurement system proposed here combines photogrammetry and optical scattering, with beam propagation of a laser from the part. A laser beam is directed toward the surface and reflected from the surface to be measured, passing through and diffusely scattering from two windows. Photogrammetry is used to determine the coordinates of the beam locations at the two windows, which is then used to define the incident and reflected beam orientations. Vector calculus is then applied to determine the surface normal, and finally the profile is extracted via integration. For this metrology technique, it is suggested that uncertainties in the angle of the incident beam with respected to the surface normal, directly correlates to the uncertainties in the localized slope, or sagittal deviation at a particular point. The current limiting factor for the system is its sources of error which can include the proper calculation of the centroid of the scattered laser dot targets generated on the windows, the algorithms used generate the surface profiles, and the overall processing time to perform a full aperture measurement. It was found that the metrology system in its early stages of development can return experimental measurements errors on the level of parts in 10" mm. Two algorithms were compared to examine which was more suitable for the measurement system, the Line-Slope Algorithm (LSA) and the Neighboring Slope Algorithm (NSA). These algorithms were compared in "no-noise" and ""noise" conditions. The LSA seemed to be the best algorithm in a "no-noise" condition. However, real measurement results inherently are noisy. It was found that the NSA would be best suited for the system as it resulted in an order of magnitude lower error from a best-fit value. Also, it was found that an increasing point density resulted in a better surface approximation.
Author: Ted Doiron
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781495431944
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Book Description
This handbook is a both a description of the current practice at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and a compilation of the theory and lore of gauge block calibration. Most of the chapters are nearly self-contained so that the interested reader can, for example, get information on the cleaning and handling of gauge blocks without having to read the chapters on measurement schemes or process control, etc. This partitioning of the material has led to some unavoidable repetition of material between chapters. The basic structure of the handbook is from the theoretical to the practical. Chapter 1: basic concepts and definitions of length and units; Chapter 2: history of gauge blocks, appropriate definitions and a discussion of pertinent national and international standards; Chapter 3: physical characteristics of gauge blocks, including thermal, mechanical and optical properties; Chapter 4: a description of statistical process control (SPC) and measurement assurance (MA) concepts; and Chapters 5 and 6: details of the mechanical comparisons and interferometric techniques used for gauge block calibrations. Full discussions of the related uncertainties and corrections are included. Finally, the appendices cover in more detail some important topics in metrology and gauge block calibration.
Author: Richard Leach
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429887442
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 659
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Book Description
Advances in engineering precision have tracked with technological progress for hundreds of years. Over the last few decades, precision engineering has been the specific focus of research on an international scale. The outcome of this effort has been the establishment of a broad range of engineering principles and techniques that form the foundation of precision design. Today’s precision manufacturing machines and measuring instruments represent highly specialised processes that combine deterministic engineering with metrology. Spanning a broad range of technology applications, precision engineering principles frequently bring together scientific ideas drawn from mechanics, materials, optics, electronics, control, thermo-mechanics, dynamics, and software engineering. This book provides a collection of these principles in a single source. Each topic is presented at a level suitable for both undergraduate students and precision engineers in the field. Also included is a wealth of references and example problems to consolidate ideas, and help guide the interested reader to more advanced literature on specific implementations.
Author: Y Zhao
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447121678
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
Dimensional metrology is an essential part of modern manufacturing technologies, but the basic theories and measurement methods are no longer sufficient for today's digitized systems. The information exchange between the software components of a dimensional metrology system not only costs a great deal of money, but also causes the entire system to lose data integrity. Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology analyzes interoperability issues in dimensional metrology systems and describes information modeling techniques. It discusses new approaches and data models for solving interoperability problems, as well as introducing process activities, existing and emerging data models, and the key technologies of dimensional metrology systems. Written for researchers in industry and academia, as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, this book gives both an overview and an in-depth understanding of complete dimensional metrology systems. By covering in detail the theory and main content, techniques, and methods used in dimensional metrology systems, Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology enables readers to solve real-world dimensional measurement problems in modern dimensional metrology practices.
Author: Georg Henzold
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080463789
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 411
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Book Description
Geometrical tolerancing is used to specify and control the form, location and orientation of the features of components and manufactured parts. This book presents the state of the art of geometrical tolerancing, covers the latest ISO and ANSI/ASME standards and is a comprehensive reference and guide for all professional engineers, designers, CAD users, quality managers and anyone involved in the creation or interpretation of CAD plans or engineering designs and specifications. For all design and manufacturing engineers working with these internationally required design standards Covers ISO and ANSI geometrical tolerance standards, including the 2005 revisions to the ISO standard Geometrical tolerancing is used in the preparation and interpretation of the design for any manufactured component or item: essential information for designers, engineers and CAD professionals
Author: Brian C. Belanger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Calibration
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Industrialists
Languages : en
Pages : 1968
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Book Description
Vols. for 1970-71 includes manufacturers' catalogs.
Author: Graham T. Smith
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319251090
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 700
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Book Description
Maximizing reader insights into the key scientific disciplines of Machine Tool Metrology, this text will prove useful for the industrial-practitioner and those interested in the operation of machine tools. Within this current level of industrial-content, this book incorporates significant usage of the existing published literature and valid information obtained from a wide-spectrum of manufacturers of plant, equipment and instrumentation before putting forward novel ideas and methodologies. Providing easy to understand bullet points and lucid descriptions of metrological and calibration subjects, this book aids reader understanding of the topics discussed whilst adding a voluminous-amount of footnotes utilised throughout all of the chapters, which adds some additional detail to the subject. Featuring an extensive amount of photographic-support, this book will serve as a key reference text for all those involved in the field.
