Author: Jonathan Himmelfarb
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323531725
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1058
Book Description
**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Transplantation Surgery** From basic science to practical clinical tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, 4th Edition provides you with the up-to-date, authoritative guidance you need to safely and effectively manage patients with chronic renal disease. Covering all relevant clinical management issues, this companion volume to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney presents the knowledge and expertise of renowned researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation – for an all-in-one, indispensable guide to every aspect of this fast-changing field. - Contains expanded content on economics and outcomes of treatment, as well as acute kidney injury. - Covers hot topics such as the genetic causes of chronic kidney disease, ethical challenges and palliative care, and home hemodialysis. - Discusses the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. - Provides a clear visual understanding of complex information with high-quality line drawings, photographs, and diagnostic and treatment algorithms. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation E-Book
Author: Jonathan Himmelfarb
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323531725
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1058
Book Description
**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Transplantation Surgery** From basic science to practical clinical tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, 4th Edition provides you with the up-to-date, authoritative guidance you need to safely and effectively manage patients with chronic renal disease. Covering all relevant clinical management issues, this companion volume to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney presents the knowledge and expertise of renowned researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation – for an all-in-one, indispensable guide to every aspect of this fast-changing field. - Contains expanded content on economics and outcomes of treatment, as well as acute kidney injury. - Covers hot topics such as the genetic causes of chronic kidney disease, ethical challenges and palliative care, and home hemodialysis. - Discusses the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. - Provides a clear visual understanding of complex information with high-quality line drawings, photographs, and diagnostic and treatment algorithms. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323531725
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1058
Book Description
**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Transplantation Surgery** From basic science to practical clinical tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, 4th Edition provides you with the up-to-date, authoritative guidance you need to safely and effectively manage patients with chronic renal disease. Covering all relevant clinical management issues, this companion volume to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney presents the knowledge and expertise of renowned researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation – for an all-in-one, indispensable guide to every aspect of this fast-changing field. - Contains expanded content on economics and outcomes of treatment, as well as acute kidney injury. - Covers hot topics such as the genetic causes of chronic kidney disease, ethical challenges and palliative care, and home hemodialysis. - Discusses the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. - Provides a clear visual understanding of complex information with high-quality line drawings, photographs, and diagnostic and treatment algorithms. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension E-Book
Author: Christopher S. Wilcox
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1437711243
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1161
Book Description
Thoroughly revised, the new edition of this companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney equips you with today’s guidance to effectively manage renal and hypertension patients. International authorities emphasize the specifics of treatment while presenting field-tested advice on the best therapeutic strategies available. New chapters reflect the latest evidence impacting current clinical issues, while a new design helps you reference the information more easily. Presents the most comprehensive text available on nephrology and hypertension treatment for a convenient single source that is easy to consult. Features the evidence-based guidance of leading authorities for making more informed clinical decisions. Offers in-depth discussions and referenced coverage of key trials to help you analyze the results and the evidence provided. Provides treatment algorithms and tables of commonly used drugs in each chapter for quick-access expert advice on arriving at the best and most appropriate treatment regimen. Offers new chapters on erectile and sexual dysfunction, transplant immunology and immunosuppression, dietary salt restriction, and systematic vasculitis and pauci-immune glomerulonephritis that reflect new evidence impacting current clinical issues. Presents the contributions of newly assigned section editors—authorities in their subspecialty fields—who offer you the benefit of their practice-proven expertise. Provides rationales for the therapies presented to help you choose the most effective treatment for each patient.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1437711243
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1161
Book Description
Thoroughly revised, the new edition of this companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney equips you with today’s guidance to effectively manage renal and hypertension patients. International authorities emphasize the specifics of treatment while presenting field-tested advice on the best therapeutic strategies available. New chapters reflect the latest evidence impacting current clinical issues, while a new design helps you reference the information more easily. Presents the most comprehensive text available on nephrology and hypertension treatment for a convenient single source that is easy to consult. Features the evidence-based guidance of leading authorities for making more informed clinical decisions. Offers in-depth discussions and referenced coverage of key trials to help you analyze the results and the evidence provided. Provides treatment algorithms and tables of commonly used drugs in each chapter for quick-access expert advice on arriving at the best and most appropriate treatment regimen. Offers new chapters on erectile and sexual dysfunction, transplant immunology and immunosuppression, dietary salt restriction, and systematic vasculitis and pauci-immune glomerulonephritis that reflect new evidence impacting current clinical issues. Presents the contributions of newly assigned section editors—authorities in their subspecialty fields—who offer you the benefit of their practice-proven expertise. Provides rationales for the therapies presented to help you choose the most effective treatment for each patient.
Brenner and Rector's The Kidney E-Book
Author: Alan S. L. Yu
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323550851
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3753
Book Description
Put the world's most well-known kidney reference to work in your practice with the 11th Edition of Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. This two-volume masterwork provides expert, well-illustrated information on everything from basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices. Addressing current issues such as new therapies for cardiorenal syndrome, the increased importance of supportive or palliative care in advanced chronic kidney disease, increasing live kidney donation in transplants, and emerging discoveries in stem cell and kidney regeneration, this revised edition prepares you for any clinical challenge you may encounter. - Extensively updated chapters throughout, providing the latest scientific and clinical information from authorities in their respective fields. - Lifespan coverage of kidney health and disease from pre-conception through fetal and infant health, childhood, adulthood, and old age. - Discussions of today's hot topics, including the global increase in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, cardiovascular disease and renal disease, and global initiatives for alternatives in areas with limited facilities for dialysis or transplant. - New Key Points that represent either new findings or "pearls" of information that are not widely known or understood. - New Clinical Relevance boxes that highlight the information you must know during a patient visit, such as pertinent physiology or pathophysiology. - Hundreds of full-color, high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables that illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and clinical decision making. - A new editor who is a world-renowned expert in global health and nephrology care in underserved populations, Dr. Valerie A. Luyckx from University of Zürich. - Board review-style questions to help you prepare for certification or recertification. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase, which allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323550851
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3753
Book Description
Put the world's most well-known kidney reference to work in your practice with the 11th Edition of Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. This two-volume masterwork provides expert, well-illustrated information on everything from basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices. Addressing current issues such as new therapies for cardiorenal syndrome, the increased importance of supportive or palliative care in advanced chronic kidney disease, increasing live kidney donation in transplants, and emerging discoveries in stem cell and kidney regeneration, this revised edition prepares you for any clinical challenge you may encounter. - Extensively updated chapters throughout, providing the latest scientific and clinical information from authorities in their respective fields. - Lifespan coverage of kidney health and disease from pre-conception through fetal and infant health, childhood, adulthood, and old age. - Discussions of today's hot topics, including the global increase in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, cardiovascular disease and renal disease, and global initiatives for alternatives in areas with limited facilities for dialysis or transplant. - New Key Points that represent either new findings or "pearls" of information that are not widely known or understood. - New Clinical Relevance boxes that highlight the information you must know during a patient visit, such as pertinent physiology or pathophysiology. - Hundreds of full-color, high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables that illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and clinical decision making. - A new editor who is a world-renowned expert in global health and nephrology care in underserved populations, Dr. Valerie A. Luyckx from University of Zürich. - Board review-style questions to help you prepare for certification or recertification. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase, which allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices
Pocket Companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney
Author: Michael R. Clarkson
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455703788
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 923
Book Description
Pocket Companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney distills the essential clinical information from the latest edition of the seminal text on kidney diseases and their management. Michael R. Clarkson, Ciara Magee, and Barry M. Brenner detail the key pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and treatment issues in clinical nephrology, including interventional nephrology, endocrine aspects of kidney disease, and plasmapheresis. - Diagnose, treat, and manage both common and uncommon disorders. - Find clinical knowledge quickly and easily thanks to convenient tables throughout the text. - Choose the best option of the many techniques available through discussions of indications for laboratory tests and imaging studies.Enhance your clinical acumen with coverage of new topics such as risk factors and kidney disease, nephron endowment, interventional nephrology, plasmapheresis, xenotransplantation, stem cells in renal biology and medicine, and more. Stay current thanks to two new sections—Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Kidney Disease and Frontiers in Kidney Disease—that include topics such as stem cell and genomics.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455703788
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 923
Book Description
Pocket Companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney distills the essential clinical information from the latest edition of the seminal text on kidney diseases and their management. Michael R. Clarkson, Ciara Magee, and Barry M. Brenner detail the key pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and treatment issues in clinical nephrology, including interventional nephrology, endocrine aspects of kidney disease, and plasmapheresis. - Diagnose, treat, and manage both common and uncommon disorders. - Find clinical knowledge quickly and easily thanks to convenient tables throughout the text. - Choose the best option of the many techniques available through discussions of indications for laboratory tests and imaging studies.Enhance your clinical acumen with coverage of new topics such as risk factors and kidney disease, nephron endowment, interventional nephrology, plasmapheresis, xenotransplantation, stem cells in renal biology and medicine, and more. Stay current thanks to two new sections—Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Kidney Disease and Frontiers in Kidney Disease—that include topics such as stem cell and genomics.
Handbook of Critical Care Nephrology
Author: Jay L. Koyner
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1975144104
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 602
Book Description
Designed specifically for nephrologists and trainees practicing in the ICU, Handbook of Critical Care Nephrology is a portable critical care reference with a unique and practical nephrology focus. Full-color illustrations, numerous algorithms, and intuitively arranged contents make this manual a must-have resource for nephrology in today’s ICU.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1975144104
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 602
Book Description
Designed specifically for nephrologists and trainees practicing in the ICU, Handbook of Critical Care Nephrology is a portable critical care reference with a unique and practical nephrology focus. Full-color illustrations, numerous algorithms, and intuitively arranged contents make this manual a must-have resource for nephrology in today’s ICU.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation
Author: T. Alp Ikizler
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 9780323529785
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 768
Book Description
From basic science to practical clinical tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, 4th Edition provides you with the up-to-date, authoritative guidance you need to safely and effectively manage patients with chronic renal disease. Covering all relevant clinical management issues, this companion volume to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney presents the knowledge and expertise of renowned researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation - for an all-in-one, indispensable guide to every aspect of this fast-changing field. Contains expanded content on economics and outcomes of treatment, as well as acute kidney injury. Covers hot topics such as the genetic causes of chronic kidney disease, ethical challenges and palliative care, and home hemodialysis. Discusses the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. Provides a clear visual understanding of complex information with high-quality line drawings, photographs, and diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Expert ConsultT eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 9780323529785
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 768
Book Description
From basic science to practical clinical tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, 4th Edition provides you with the up-to-date, authoritative guidance you need to safely and effectively manage patients with chronic renal disease. Covering all relevant clinical management issues, this companion volume to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney presents the knowledge and expertise of renowned researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation - for an all-in-one, indispensable guide to every aspect of this fast-changing field. Contains expanded content on economics and outcomes of treatment, as well as acute kidney injury. Covers hot topics such as the genetic causes of chronic kidney disease, ethical challenges and palliative care, and home hemodialysis. Discusses the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. Provides a clear visual understanding of complex information with high-quality line drawings, photographs, and diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Expert ConsultT eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Brenner & Rector's The Kidney
Author: Barry M. Brenner
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781416031055
Category : Kidneys
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781416031055
Category : Kidneys
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Onco-Nephrology E-Book
Author: Kevin W. Finkel
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323549616
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 498
Book Description
Kidney disease and cancer are frequent comorbidities that require specialized knowledge and expertise from both the nephrologist and the oncologist. Written by three pioneers in this growing subspecialty, Onco-Nephrology provides authoritative, definitive coverage of the mechanism and management of these two life-threatening diseases. This unique, single-volume resource covers current protocols and recommends management therapies to arrest kidney failure and allow oncologic treatments to continue and succeed. - Addresses acute and chronic kidney diseases that develop from a variety of cancers. This includes direct kidney injury from the malignancy, paraneoplastic effects of the cancer, and various cancer agents used to treat the malignancy. - Discusses key issues regarding kidney disease in patients with cancer, including conventional chemotherapeutic regimens and new novel therapies (targeted agents and immunotherapies) or the malignancies themselves that may promote kidney injury; patients with chronic kidney disease who acquire cancer unrelated to renal failure; and kidney transplantation, which has been shown to carry an increased risk of cancer. - Contains dedicated chapters for each class of the conventional chemotherapeutic agents, targeted cancer agents, and cancer immunotherapies including the basic science, pathogenic mechanisms of injury, clinical manifestations, and treatment. - Includes special chapters devoted to the individual classes of chemotherapies that relate to kidney disease for quick reference. Discusses increasingly complex problems due to more numerous and specialized anti-cancer drugs, as well as increased survival rates for both cancer and renal failure requiring long-term patient care. - Covers anti-VEGF (antivascular endothelial growth factor) agents and cancer immunotherapies – treatments that are being recognized for adverse kidney effects. - Utilizes a clear, logical format based on the ASN Core Curriculum for Onco-Nephrology, making this reference an excellent tool for board review, as well as a practical resource in daily practice. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323549616
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 498
Book Description
Kidney disease and cancer are frequent comorbidities that require specialized knowledge and expertise from both the nephrologist and the oncologist. Written by three pioneers in this growing subspecialty, Onco-Nephrology provides authoritative, definitive coverage of the mechanism and management of these two life-threatening diseases. This unique, single-volume resource covers current protocols and recommends management therapies to arrest kidney failure and allow oncologic treatments to continue and succeed. - Addresses acute and chronic kidney diseases that develop from a variety of cancers. This includes direct kidney injury from the malignancy, paraneoplastic effects of the cancer, and various cancer agents used to treat the malignancy. - Discusses key issues regarding kidney disease in patients with cancer, including conventional chemotherapeutic regimens and new novel therapies (targeted agents and immunotherapies) or the malignancies themselves that may promote kidney injury; patients with chronic kidney disease who acquire cancer unrelated to renal failure; and kidney transplantation, which has been shown to carry an increased risk of cancer. - Contains dedicated chapters for each class of the conventional chemotherapeutic agents, targeted cancer agents, and cancer immunotherapies including the basic science, pathogenic mechanisms of injury, clinical manifestations, and treatment. - Includes special chapters devoted to the individual classes of chemotherapies that relate to kidney disease for quick reference. Discusses increasingly complex problems due to more numerous and specialized anti-cancer drugs, as well as increased survival rates for both cancer and renal failure requiring long-term patient care. - Covers anti-VEGF (antivascular endothelial growth factor) agents and cancer immunotherapies – treatments that are being recognized for adverse kidney effects. - Utilizes a clear, logical format based on the ASN Core Curriculum for Onco-Nephrology, making this reference an excellent tool for board review, as well as a practical resource in daily practice. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation
Author: Jonathan Himmelfarb
Publisher: Saunders
ISBN: 9781437709872
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 737
Book Description
A companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney-covers all clinical management issues relevant to chronic kidney disease. Drs. Jonathan Himmelfarb and Mohamed Sayegh lead a team of expert contributors to present you with the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. Himmelfarb and Sayegh give you all of the basic science and clinical tools to properly manage patients with chronic renal disease.
Publisher: Saunders
ISBN: 9781437709872
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 737
Book Description
A companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney-covers all clinical management issues relevant to chronic kidney disease. Drs. Jonathan Himmelfarb and Mohamed Sayegh lead a team of expert contributors to present you with the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more. Himmelfarb and Sayegh give you all of the basic science and clinical tools to properly manage patients with chronic renal disease.
Diagnostic Atlas of Renal Pathology E-Book
Author: Agnes B. Fogo
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1437737692
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 562
Book Description
Diagnostic Atlas of Renal Pathology, by Agnes B. Fogo, MD and Michael Kashgarian, MD, delivers practical, highly visual guidance for effectively and accurately diagnosing a wide range of pathologic entities. More than 700 high-quality illustrations help you to recognize the pathologic features and clinical manifestations of both common and rare renal disorders and to formulate confident and accurate diagnoses. Thoroughly updated throughout, this companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, 9th Edition provides the newest information regarding categorizing and classification of diseases and describes how this relates to the various morphological lesions illustrated and their clinical significance. See more than 700 high quality representative images of light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy for each diagnostic entity with correlations to clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Easily locate in-depth information on any disease's clinical course and treatment by cross-referring companion text, Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. Grasp key characteristic pathologic findings and prognostic, pathogenetic, and etiologic information through focused, detailed discussions. Make accurate, complete reports by fully understanding clinical correlations. Get an in-depth examination of pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and comprehensive references Keep current with the latest knowledge and evidence-based practices. Comprehensive updates throughout include a brand-new chapter on "Approaches to Chronic Kidney Disease" that includes coverage of Chronic Kidney Disease; Age-Related Sclerosis; Glomerular vs. Tubulointerstitial vs. Vascular Disease; and the differential diagnostic approach to Segmental Glomerulosclerosis lesions. Extensive updates to all previous chapters include new classifications of various diseases such as igA nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, crescentic GN, and renal transplant rejection. Stay well informed about hot topics including acute phosphate nephropathy; new concepts in the pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathies and eclampsia; and new information relative to etiology and pathogenesis of podocytopathies. Quickly access the information you need thanks to a user-friendly format, tables and sidebars with key points and differential diagnoses, and chapters that include concise, templated discussions regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of the disorder.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1437737692
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 562
Book Description
Diagnostic Atlas of Renal Pathology, by Agnes B. Fogo, MD and Michael Kashgarian, MD, delivers practical, highly visual guidance for effectively and accurately diagnosing a wide range of pathologic entities. More than 700 high-quality illustrations help you to recognize the pathologic features and clinical manifestations of both common and rare renal disorders and to formulate confident and accurate diagnoses. Thoroughly updated throughout, this companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, 9th Edition provides the newest information regarding categorizing and classification of diseases and describes how this relates to the various morphological lesions illustrated and their clinical significance. See more than 700 high quality representative images of light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy for each diagnostic entity with correlations to clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Easily locate in-depth information on any disease's clinical course and treatment by cross-referring companion text, Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. Grasp key characteristic pathologic findings and prognostic, pathogenetic, and etiologic information through focused, detailed discussions. Make accurate, complete reports by fully understanding clinical correlations. Get an in-depth examination of pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and comprehensive references Keep current with the latest knowledge and evidence-based practices. Comprehensive updates throughout include a brand-new chapter on "Approaches to Chronic Kidney Disease" that includes coverage of Chronic Kidney Disease; Age-Related Sclerosis; Glomerular vs. Tubulointerstitial vs. Vascular Disease; and the differential diagnostic approach to Segmental Glomerulosclerosis lesions. Extensive updates to all previous chapters include new classifications of various diseases such as igA nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, crescentic GN, and renal transplant rejection. Stay well informed about hot topics including acute phosphate nephropathy; new concepts in the pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathies and eclampsia; and new information relative to etiology and pathogenesis of podocytopathies. Quickly access the information you need thanks to a user-friendly format, tables and sidebars with key points and differential diagnoses, and chapters that include concise, templated discussions regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of the disorder.