Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0323954758
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 326
Book Description
Case Studies of Material Corrosion Prevention for Oil and Gas Valves delivers a critical reference for engineers and corrosion researchers. Packed with nearly 30 real-world case studies, this reference gives engineers standardized knowledge on how to maintain, select and prevent typical corrosion problems in a variety of oil and gas settings. Subsea, offshore, refineries and processing plants are all included, covering a variety of challenges such as chloride stress cracking, how to use Teflon powder to prevent cross contamination, and carbon dioxide corrosion. Organized for quick discovery, this book gives engineers a much-needed tool to safely protect their assets and the environment. Engineers working in oil and gas operations understand that corrosion is a costly expense that increases emissions and damages the environment, but many standards do not provide practical examples with solutions, leaving engineers to learn through experience. This resource provides comprehensive information on topics of interest. - Provides solutions to common oil and gas corrosion valve failures with standard case studies - Helps readers improve safety and reliability with the addition of references for further training - Presents tactics on how to reduce environmental impact and use methods to prevent corrosion across offshore, subsea and refinery activities
Case Studies of Material Corrosion Prevention for Oil and Gas Valves
Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0323954758
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 326
Book Description
Case Studies of Material Corrosion Prevention for Oil and Gas Valves delivers a critical reference for engineers and corrosion researchers. Packed with nearly 30 real-world case studies, this reference gives engineers standardized knowledge on how to maintain, select and prevent typical corrosion problems in a variety of oil and gas settings. Subsea, offshore, refineries and processing plants are all included, covering a variety of challenges such as chloride stress cracking, how to use Teflon powder to prevent cross contamination, and carbon dioxide corrosion. Organized for quick discovery, this book gives engineers a much-needed tool to safely protect their assets and the environment. Engineers working in oil and gas operations understand that corrosion is a costly expense that increases emissions and damages the environment, but many standards do not provide practical examples with solutions, leaving engineers to learn through experience. This resource provides comprehensive information on topics of interest. - Provides solutions to common oil and gas corrosion valve failures with standard case studies - Helps readers improve safety and reliability with the addition of references for further training - Presents tactics on how to reduce environmental impact and use methods to prevent corrosion across offshore, subsea and refinery activities
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0323954758
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 326
Book Description
Case Studies of Material Corrosion Prevention for Oil and Gas Valves delivers a critical reference for engineers and corrosion researchers. Packed with nearly 30 real-world case studies, this reference gives engineers standardized knowledge on how to maintain, select and prevent typical corrosion problems in a variety of oil and gas settings. Subsea, offshore, refineries and processing plants are all included, covering a variety of challenges such as chloride stress cracking, how to use Teflon powder to prevent cross contamination, and carbon dioxide corrosion. Organized for quick discovery, this book gives engineers a much-needed tool to safely protect their assets and the environment. Engineers working in oil and gas operations understand that corrosion is a costly expense that increases emissions and damages the environment, but many standards do not provide practical examples with solutions, leaving engineers to learn through experience. This resource provides comprehensive information on topics of interest. - Provides solutions to common oil and gas corrosion valve failures with standard case studies - Helps readers improve safety and reliability with the addition of references for further training - Presents tactics on how to reduce environmental impact and use methods to prevent corrosion across offshore, subsea and refinery activities
Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0081001266
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 451
Book Description
Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry provides an updated understanding on why materials fail in specific situations, a vital element in developing and engineering new alternatives. This handbook covers analysis of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, where a single failed pipe can result in devastating consequences for people, wildlife, the environment, and the economy of a region. The book combines introductory sections on failure analysis with numerous real world case studies of pipelines and other types of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, including joint failure, leakage in crude oil storage tanks, failure of glass fibre reinforced epoxy pipes, and failure of stainless steel components in offshore platforms, amongst others. - Introduces readers to modern analytical techniques in materials failure analysis - Combines foundational knowledge with current research on the latest developments and innovations in the field - Includes numerous compelling case studies of materials failure in oil and gas pipelines and drilling platforms
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0081001266
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 451
Book Description
Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry provides an updated understanding on why materials fail in specific situations, a vital element in developing and engineering new alternatives. This handbook covers analysis of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, where a single failed pipe can result in devastating consequences for people, wildlife, the environment, and the economy of a region. The book combines introductory sections on failure analysis with numerous real world case studies of pipelines and other types of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, including joint failure, leakage in crude oil storage tanks, failure of glass fibre reinforced epoxy pipes, and failure of stainless steel components in offshore platforms, amongst others. - Introduces readers to modern analytical techniques in materials failure analysis - Combines foundational knowledge with current research on the latest developments and innovations in the field - Includes numerous compelling case studies of materials failure in oil and gas pipelines and drilling platforms
Industrial Valves
Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394185057
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
INDUSTRIAL VALVES Improve the design and safety of your industrial valves with this comprehensive guide Industrial valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids, gases, or slurries. They are fundamental to multiple industries, including marine shipping, in which valves regulate power supply, wastewater, water for fire-fighting, and other shipboard essentials. They are also critical to the oil and gas industry, where valves are used to control the flow of oil or gas out of deposits, direct the crude oil refining process, protect key areas and equipment from spillage and overflow, and more. Without the safety and regulating power provided by industrial valves these industries could not proceed. This book provides a thorough introduction to the modeling and calculation of key challenges related to valve design, manufacturing, and operation. It focuses particularly on solving problems of material failure due to corrosion and cavitation, allowing readers to construct valve designs that will maximize safety and reliability. It is a critical resource in helping protect workplaces, industrial sites, and valuable equipment from the externalities of these fundamental industrial resources. Readers will also find: Applied calculations based on real-life cases from industry Information based on international standards including NORSOK (Norwegian standard) and IECs (European standards) Based on decades of experience in the relevant industries Industrial Valves is a useful reference for engineers and practitioners in the oil and gas and marine industries, piping engineers, valve manufacturers, and more.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394185057
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
INDUSTRIAL VALVES Improve the design and safety of your industrial valves with this comprehensive guide Industrial valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids, gases, or slurries. They are fundamental to multiple industries, including marine shipping, in which valves regulate power supply, wastewater, water for fire-fighting, and other shipboard essentials. They are also critical to the oil and gas industry, where valves are used to control the flow of oil or gas out of deposits, direct the crude oil refining process, protect key areas and equipment from spillage and overflow, and more. Without the safety and regulating power provided by industrial valves these industries could not proceed. This book provides a thorough introduction to the modeling and calculation of key challenges related to valve design, manufacturing, and operation. It focuses particularly on solving problems of material failure due to corrosion and cavitation, allowing readers to construct valve designs that will maximize safety and reliability. It is a critical resource in helping protect workplaces, industrial sites, and valuable equipment from the externalities of these fundamental industrial resources. Readers will also find: Applied calculations based on real-life cases from industry Information based on international standards including NORSOK (Norwegian standard) and IECs (European standards) Based on decades of experience in the relevant industries Industrial Valves is a useful reference for engineers and practitioners in the oil and gas and marine industries, piping engineers, valve manufacturers, and more.
Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000895459
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 461
Book Description
When accidents occur in the oil and gas industry, the impacts can be profound. Serious injury or death to workers, environmental disasters and colossal costs for insurance or clean ups make the industry a hazardous one to operate in. Disasters become major news events such as the Prestige oil spill, Piper Alpha, Exxon Valdez oil spill and Deepwater Horizon. A move towards improving the health and safety of the industry is underway. This book emphasizes controlling, managing, and mitigating the risk of hazards in the oil and gas industry, increasing safety, and protecting the environment by identifying the hazards in the oil and gas industry through safety engineering techniques and management methods. Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry discusses how to improve safety and reliability in the oil and gas industry so that hazards can be reduced to the lowest level feasible. It covers the techniques needed to operate safely in an oil and/or gas industry setting, the standards that should be adhered to, the impacts of PPE, fire and explosions, equipment and infrastructure failures and storage and reliability engineering, amongst many other topics. This book is written in an easy-to-read and appealing style and multiple-choice questions are included to help with learning and understanding the concepts included. Underpinned by real life case studies and examples, this book aims to allow readers to consider how they can reduce the costs associated with bad safety practices to their business through maintained and consistent health, safety and environmental (HSE) standards. This book is a must-read for any student or professional studying or working in the oil and gas industries. It also has additional appeal to those with an academic or professional interest in occupational health and safety, civil engineering, offshore engineering and maritime engineering.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000895459
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 461
Book Description
When accidents occur in the oil and gas industry, the impacts can be profound. Serious injury or death to workers, environmental disasters and colossal costs for insurance or clean ups make the industry a hazardous one to operate in. Disasters become major news events such as the Prestige oil spill, Piper Alpha, Exxon Valdez oil spill and Deepwater Horizon. A move towards improving the health and safety of the industry is underway. This book emphasizes controlling, managing, and mitigating the risk of hazards in the oil and gas industry, increasing safety, and protecting the environment by identifying the hazards in the oil and gas industry through safety engineering techniques and management methods. Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry discusses how to improve safety and reliability in the oil and gas industry so that hazards can be reduced to the lowest level feasible. It covers the techniques needed to operate safely in an oil and/or gas industry setting, the standards that should be adhered to, the impacts of PPE, fire and explosions, equipment and infrastructure failures and storage and reliability engineering, amongst many other topics. This book is written in an easy-to-read and appealing style and multiple-choice questions are included to help with learning and understanding the concepts included. Underpinned by real life case studies and examples, this book aims to allow readers to consider how they can reduce the costs associated with bad safety practices to their business through maintained and consistent health, safety and environmental (HSE) standards. This book is a must-read for any student or professional studying or working in the oil and gas industries. It also has additional appeal to those with an academic or professional interest in occupational health and safety, civil engineering, offshore engineering and maritime engineering.
Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000539504
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
This book looks at the applications of coating in piping, valves and actuators in the offshore oil and gas industry. Providing a key guide for professionals and students alike, it highlights specific coating standards within the industry, including ISO, NORSOK, SSPC and NACE. In the corrosive environment of a seawater setting, coatings to protect pipes, valves and actuators are essential. This book provides both the theory behind these coatings and practical applications, including case studies from multinational companies. It covers different offshore zones and their corrosivity level alongside the different types of external corrosion, such as stress cracking and hydrogen-induced stress cracking. The key coatings discussed are zinc-rich coatings, thermal spray zinc or aluminum, phenolic epoxy and passive fire protection, with a review of their defects and potential failures. The book also details the role of coating inspectors and explains how to diagnose faults. Case studies from companies such as Aker Solutions, Baker Hughes, Equinor and British Petroleum illustrate the wide range of industrial applications of coating technologies. This book is of interest to engineers and students in materials, coating, mechanical, piping or petroleum engineering.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000539504
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
This book looks at the applications of coating in piping, valves and actuators in the offshore oil and gas industry. Providing a key guide for professionals and students alike, it highlights specific coating standards within the industry, including ISO, NORSOK, SSPC and NACE. In the corrosive environment of a seawater setting, coatings to protect pipes, valves and actuators are essential. This book provides both the theory behind these coatings and practical applications, including case studies from multinational companies. It covers different offshore zones and their corrosivity level alongside the different types of external corrosion, such as stress cracking and hydrogen-induced stress cracking. The key coatings discussed are zinc-rich coatings, thermal spray zinc or aluminum, phenolic epoxy and passive fire protection, with a review of their defects and potential failures. The book also details the role of coating inspectors and explains how to diagnose faults. Case studies from companies such as Aker Solutions, Baker Hughes, Equinor and British Petroleum illustrate the wide range of industrial applications of coating technologies. This book is of interest to engineers and students in materials, coating, mechanical, piping or petroleum engineering.
Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 032390825X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 622
Book Description
Piping and valve engineers rely on common industrial standards for selecting and maintaining valves, but these standards are not specific to the subsea oil and gas industry. Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry delivers a needed reference to go beyond the standard to specify how to select, test, and maintain the right subsea oil and gas valve for the project. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of valve with a built-in structured table on valve selection, helping guide the engineer to the most efficient valve. Covering subsea-specific protection, the reference also gives information on high pressure protection systems (HIPPS) and discusses corrosion management within the subsea sector, such as Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking Corrosion (HISC). Additional benefits include understanding the concept of different safety valves in subsea, selecting different valves and actuators located on subsea structures such as Christmas trees, manifolds, and HIPPS modules, with a full detail review including sensors, logic solver, and solenoid which is designed to save cost and improve the reliability in the subsea system. Rounding out with chapters on factory acceptance testing (FAT) and High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS), Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry gives subsea engineers and managers a much-needed tool to better understand today's subsea technology. - Understand practical information about all types of subsea valves and actuators with over 600 visuals and several case studies - Learn and review the applicable standards and specifications from API and ISO in one convenient location - Protect your assets with a high-pressure protection system (HIPPS) and subsea-specific corrosion management including Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking Corrosion (HISC)
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 032390825X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 622
Book Description
Piping and valve engineers rely on common industrial standards for selecting and maintaining valves, but these standards are not specific to the subsea oil and gas industry. Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry delivers a needed reference to go beyond the standard to specify how to select, test, and maintain the right subsea oil and gas valve for the project. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of valve with a built-in structured table on valve selection, helping guide the engineer to the most efficient valve. Covering subsea-specific protection, the reference also gives information on high pressure protection systems (HIPPS) and discusses corrosion management within the subsea sector, such as Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking Corrosion (HISC). Additional benefits include understanding the concept of different safety valves in subsea, selecting different valves and actuators located on subsea structures such as Christmas trees, manifolds, and HIPPS modules, with a full detail review including sensors, logic solver, and solenoid which is designed to save cost and improve the reliability in the subsea system. Rounding out with chapters on factory acceptance testing (FAT) and High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS), Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry gives subsea engineers and managers a much-needed tool to better understand today's subsea technology. - Understand practical information about all types of subsea valves and actuators with over 600 visuals and several case studies - Learn and review the applicable standards and specifications from API and ISO in one convenient location - Protect your assets with a high-pressure protection system (HIPPS) and subsea-specific corrosion management including Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking Corrosion (HISC)
A Practical Guide to Piping and Valves for the Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Karan Sotoodeh
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 012824187X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 986
Book Description
A Practical Guide to Piping and Valves for the Oil and Gas Industry covers how to select, test and maintain the right oil and gas valve. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of valve with a built-in structured table on valve selection. Covering both onshore and offshore projects, the book also gives an introduction to the most common types of corrosion in the oil and gas industry, including CO2, H2S, pitting, crevice, and more. A model to evaluate CO2 corrosion rate on carbon steel piping is introduced, along with discussions on bulk piping components, including fittings, gaskets, piping and flanges. Rounding out with chapters devoted to valve preservation to protect against harmful environments and factory acceptance testing, this book gives engineers and managers a much-needed tool to better understand today's valve technology. - Presents oil and gas examples and challenges relating to valves, including many illustrations from valves in different stages of projects - Helps readers understand valve materials, testing, actuation, packing and preservation, also including a new model to evaluate CO2 corrosion rates on carbon steel piping - Presents structured valve selection tables in each chapter to help readers pick the right valve for the right project
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 012824187X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 986
Book Description
A Practical Guide to Piping and Valves for the Oil and Gas Industry covers how to select, test and maintain the right oil and gas valve. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of valve with a built-in structured table on valve selection. Covering both onshore and offshore projects, the book also gives an introduction to the most common types of corrosion in the oil and gas industry, including CO2, H2S, pitting, crevice, and more. A model to evaluate CO2 corrosion rate on carbon steel piping is introduced, along with discussions on bulk piping components, including fittings, gaskets, piping and flanges. Rounding out with chapters devoted to valve preservation to protect against harmful environments and factory acceptance testing, this book gives engineers and managers a much-needed tool to better understand today's valve technology. - Presents oil and gas examples and challenges relating to valves, including many illustrations from valves in different stages of projects - Helps readers understand valve materials, testing, actuation, packing and preservation, also including a new model to evaluate CO2 corrosion rates on carbon steel piping - Presents structured valve selection tables in each chapter to help readers pick the right valve for the right project
Corrosion Problems and Solutions in Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry
Author: Alec Groysman
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319452568
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
This book addresses corrosion problems and their solutions at facilities in the oil refining and petrochemical industry, including cooling water and boiler feed water units. Further, it describes and analyzes corrosion control actions, corrosion monitoring, and corrosion management. Corrosion problems are a perennial issue in the oil refining and petrochemical industry, as they lead to a deterioration of the functional properties of metallic equipment and harm the environment – both of which need to be protected for the sake of current and future generations. Accordingly, this book examines and analyzes typical and atypical corrosion failure cases and their prevention at refineries and petrochemical facilities, including problems with: pipelines, tanks, furnaces, distillation columns, absorbers, heat exchangers, and pumps. In addition, it describes naphthenic acid corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen damages, sulfidic corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion fatigue occurring at refinery units. At last, fouling, corrosion and cleaning are discussed in this book.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319452568
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
This book addresses corrosion problems and their solutions at facilities in the oil refining and petrochemical industry, including cooling water and boiler feed water units. Further, it describes and analyzes corrosion control actions, corrosion monitoring, and corrosion management. Corrosion problems are a perennial issue in the oil refining and petrochemical industry, as they lead to a deterioration of the functional properties of metallic equipment and harm the environment – both of which need to be protected for the sake of current and future generations. Accordingly, this book examines and analyzes typical and atypical corrosion failure cases and their prevention at refineries and petrochemical facilities, including problems with: pipelines, tanks, furnaces, distillation columns, absorbers, heat exchangers, and pumps. In addition, it describes naphthenic acid corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen damages, sulfidic corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion fatigue occurring at refinery units. At last, fouling, corrosion and cleaning are discussed in this book.
Comprehensive Materials Finishing
Author: M.S.J. Hashmi
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128032502
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1467
Book Description
Finish Manufacturing Processes are those final stage processing techniques which are deployed to bring a product to readiness for marketing and putting in service. Over recent decades a number of finish manufacturing processes have been newly developed by researchers and technologists. Many of these developments have been reported and illustrated in existing literature in a piecemeal manner or in relation only to specific applications. For the first time, Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Three Volume Set integrates a wide body of this knowledge and understanding into a single, comprehensive work. Containing a mixture of review articles, case studies and research findings resulting from R & D activities in industrial and academic domains, this reference work focuses on how some finish manufacturing processes are advantageous for a broad range of technologies. These include applicability, energy and technological costs as well as practicability of implementation. The work covers a wide range of materials such as ferrous, non-ferrous and polymeric materials. There are three main distinct types of finishing processes: Surface Treatment by which the properties of the material are modified without generally changing the physical dimensions of the surface; Finish Machining Processes by which a small layer of material is removed from the surface by various machining processes to render improved surface characteristics; and Surface Coating Processes by which the surface properties are improved by adding fine layer(s) of materials with superior surface characteristics. Each of these primary finishing processes is presented in its own volume for ease of use, making Comprehensive Materials Finishing an essential reference source for researchers and professionals at all career stages in academia and industry. Provides an interdisciplinary focus, allowing readers to become familiar with the broad range of uses for materials finishing Brings together all known research in materials finishing in a single reference for the first time Includes case studies that illustrate theory and show how it is applied in practice
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128032502
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1467
Book Description
Finish Manufacturing Processes are those final stage processing techniques which are deployed to bring a product to readiness for marketing and putting in service. Over recent decades a number of finish manufacturing processes have been newly developed by researchers and technologists. Many of these developments have been reported and illustrated in existing literature in a piecemeal manner or in relation only to specific applications. For the first time, Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Three Volume Set integrates a wide body of this knowledge and understanding into a single, comprehensive work. Containing a mixture of review articles, case studies and research findings resulting from R & D activities in industrial and academic domains, this reference work focuses on how some finish manufacturing processes are advantageous for a broad range of technologies. These include applicability, energy and technological costs as well as practicability of implementation. The work covers a wide range of materials such as ferrous, non-ferrous and polymeric materials. There are three main distinct types of finishing processes: Surface Treatment by which the properties of the material are modified without generally changing the physical dimensions of the surface; Finish Machining Processes by which a small layer of material is removed from the surface by various machining processes to render improved surface characteristics; and Surface Coating Processes by which the surface properties are improved by adding fine layer(s) of materials with superior surface characteristics. Each of these primary finishing processes is presented in its own volume for ease of use, making Comprehensive Materials Finishing an essential reference source for researchers and professionals at all career stages in academia and industry. Provides an interdisciplinary focus, allowing readers to become familiar with the broad range of uses for materials finishing Brings together all known research in materials finishing in a single reference for the first time Includes case studies that illustrate theory and show how it is applied in practice
Corrosion and Materials in the Oil and Gas Industries
Author: Reza Javaherdashti
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466556250
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
The advancement of methods and technologies in the oil and gas industries calls for new insight into the corrosion problems these industries face daily. With the application of more precise instruments and laboratory techniques as well as the development of new scientific paradigms, corrosion professionals are also witnessing a new era in the way d
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466556250
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
The advancement of methods and technologies in the oil and gas industries calls for new insight into the corrosion problems these industries face daily. With the application of more precise instruments and laboratory techniques as well as the development of new scientific paradigms, corrosion professionals are also witnessing a new era in the way d