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Author: J. van der Gaag
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
Author: J. van der Gaag
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
Author: Jean-Paul Azam
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Corporate profits
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Labor costs in Francophone Africa are considered high by the standards of low-income countries, at least in the formal sector. Workers appear to have some bargaining power and, in Côte d'Ivoire, can force renegotiation of labor contracts in response to new investments.
Author: Christiaan Grootaert
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Børnearbejde
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
March 1998 Most children in Côte d'Ivoire perform some kind of work. In rural areas, more than four of five children work, with only a third combining work with schooling. Child labor in Côte d'Ivoire increased in the 1980s because of a severe economic crisis. Two out of three urban children aged 7 to 17 work; half of them also attend school. In rural areas, more than four out of five children work, but only a third of them manage to combine work with schooling. Full-time work is less prevalent, but not negligible. Roughly 7 percent of urban children work full time (an average 46 hours a week). More than a third of rural children work full time (an average of 35 hours a week), with the highest incidence in the Savannah region. The incidence of such full-time work rises with age but is by no means limited to older children. The average age of the full-time child worker in Côte d'Ivoire is 12.7. These children have received an average 1.2 years of schooling. That child is also more likely to be ill or injured and is less likely to receive medical attention than other children. Urban children in the interior cities are far more likely to work and their working hours are much longer. Among rural children, those in the Savannah region (where educational infrastructure lags far behind the rest of the country) are most likely to work. Five factors affect a household's decision to supply child labor: * The age and gender of the child (girls are more likely to work, especially when the head of household is a woman). * The education and employment status of the parents (low parental education is a good targeting variable for interventions). * The availability of within-household employment opportunities. * The household's poverty status. * The household's location (calling for geographical targeting). With improved macroeconomic growth, it is hoped, child labor will decline-but a significant decline could take several generations. Meanwhile, it is important to: * Use a gradual approach toward the elimination of child work by aiming initial interventions at facilitating combined work and schooling. * Support the development of home enterprises as part of poverty alleviation programs, but combine it with incentives for school attendance. * Make school hours and vacation periods flexible (accommodating harvest times) in rural areas. This would also improve children's health. * Improve rural school attendance by having a school in the village rather than 1 to 5 kilometers away. * Improve educational investment in the Savannah. This paper is a product of the Social Development Department. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Child Labor: What Role for Demand-Side Interventions (RPO 680-64). The author may be contacted at
[email protected].
Author: Jean-Paul Azam
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bargaining
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
May 2001 - Labor costs in Francophone Africa are considered high by the standards of low-income countries, at least in the formal sector. Workers appear to have some bargaining power and, in Côte d'Ivoire, can force renegotiation of labor contracts in response to new investments. Labor costs in Francophone Africa are considered high by the standards of low-income countries, at least in the formal sector. Are they a brake on industrialization or the result of successful enterprise development? Are they imposed on firms by powerful unions or government regulations, or a by-product of good firm performance? Azam and Ris empirically analyze what determines manufacturing wages in Côte d'Ivoire, using an unbalanced panel of individual wages that allows them to control for observable firm-specific effects. They test the rent-sharing and hold-up theories of wage determination, as well as some aspects of efficiency-wage theories. Their results lean in favor of both rent-sharing and hold-up, suggesting that workers have some bargaining power and that in Côte d'Ivoire workers can force renegotiation of labor contracts in response to new investments. This paper--a product of Public Services for Human Development, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the impact of labor market policies and institutions on economic performance. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance" (RPO 680-96). Jean-Paul Azam may be contacted at
[email protected].
Author: Christian Grootaert
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 81
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Book Description
Most children in Cote d'I ...
Author: Kofi Darkwa Benefo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821327890
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
Explains the broad range of financial instruments government policymakers can use to avoid commodity price risks caused by fluctuating prices. This hands-on book describes management techniques countries can use to avoid the financial risk that occurs when commodity prices fluctuate dramatically. It illustrates each technique in detail with practical case studies of Colombia, Costa Rica, Hungary, Papua New Guinea, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Venezuela. These financial techniques include short-term instruments and newer methods that let governments evade price risks over longer periods and raise finances that are linked to commodity prices. The new techniques include commodity loans, bonds, swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Policymakers receive clear information about how these financial instruments can manage price risk, provide access to external finance, and lower a country's credit risk. The workbook shows how risk instruments work within traditional stabilization schemes and explains which of the techniques protect against external risk. It also identifies the institutional changes and education requirements governments must meet to use the instruments effectively. This book advances the more theoretical work on the new, longer-term instruments that appears in Commodity Risk Management and Finance, published by the World Bank and Oxford University Press. Published for the World Bank by The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Author: M. Stelcner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Book Description
Author: Nicolai Kristensen
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Labor market
Languages : en
Pages : 45
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Book Description
"The authors investigate the extent and nature of distortions in the labor market in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire by using quantile regression analysis on employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector. They find that the labor markets in Côte d'Ivoire do not seem to be much distorted. Unions may influence employment through tenure but do not seem to influence wages directly except for vulnerable minorities that seem protected by unions. Establishment-size wage effects are pronounced and highest for white-collar workers. This may be explained by the efficiency wage theory, so that, even in the absence of unions, segmentation and inefficiencies will still be present as long as firms seek to retain their employees by paying wages above the market clearing level. The inefficiency arising from establishment-size wage effects can be mitigated by education. Furthermore, the authors find that the premium to education is highly significantly positive only for higher education, and not for basic education, indicating that educational policies should also focus on higher education. "--World Bank web site.
Author: Harold Alderman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
The paper examines the structure of urban labor markets in Pakistan, focusing in particular on wage formation and returns to education for male workers. Empirical work is based on a survey of 1,000 low income urban households administered in 1986 by the International Food Policy Research Institute and the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. The report identifies three segments of the labor market : the self employed, wage workers in the informal sector, and wage workers in the formal sector, 85 percent of whom are government workers. The study finds that the difference in average wages between the formal and informal sector is primarily caused by differences in skills, although there is an apprecialble premium on wages in the formal sector, particularly for college educated men. In addition, the report identifies two categories of economically inactive individuals : young and more educated men waiting to find jobs in the formal sector and older, less qualified men who tend to live in wealthier extended families receiving substantial remittances from within Pakistan and abroad. To be effective, employment policy must address the very different kinds of constraints faced by individuals in each of the categories.
Author: Paul Glewwe
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
To predict the effect of economic policies on household welfare, one should first understand which characteristics of households and of the localities in which they live, enable them to raise their welfare levels. This paper outlines a simple procedure for investigating the determinants of household welfare and demonstrates its use with recent data from Cote d'Ivoire. Despite the relative simplicity, much information is obtained from its use on cross-sectional survey data. Results specific to Cote d'Ivoire include : high (low) returns to education in urban (rural) areas; high benefits from cocoa land relative to coffee land; a significant impact on economic welfare from the availability of medical services, and no apparent benefits from agricultural extension services.
