Author: Fabio Capra Ribeiro
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000203301
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
Uncertain Regional Urbanism in Venezuela explores the changes cities face when they become metropolises, forming expanding regions which create both potential and problems within settlements. To do so, it focuses on three metropolitan areas located in Venezuela’s Center-North region: Caracas, Maracay and Valencia, designated as "Camava." Considering three core topics, government and territorial administration, infrastructure and environment, as well as looking at the reciprocal impact, this book describes and analyzes the determinant variables that characterize the phenomenon of regional urbanization in this area and in the wider Global South. It includes documentary research, semi-structured interviews and Delphi methodology, involving a total of forty experts from different disciplines to build a comprehensive outlook on the situation. This book presents a broader understanding of the region to encourage a more sustainable and knowledge-based development plan, moving away from the exploitation of natural resources, with six future-oriented scenarios to consider. This is a much-needed study in the urban regions of Venezuela, which will be of interest to academics and researchers in Latin American studies, the Global South, architecture and planning.
Uncertain Regional Urbanism in Venezuela
Author: Fabio Capra Ribeiro
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000203301
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
Uncertain Regional Urbanism in Venezuela explores the changes cities face when they become metropolises, forming expanding regions which create both potential and problems within settlements. To do so, it focuses on three metropolitan areas located in Venezuela’s Center-North region: Caracas, Maracay and Valencia, designated as "Camava." Considering three core topics, government and territorial administration, infrastructure and environment, as well as looking at the reciprocal impact, this book describes and analyzes the determinant variables that characterize the phenomenon of regional urbanization in this area and in the wider Global South. It includes documentary research, semi-structured interviews and Delphi methodology, involving a total of forty experts from different disciplines to build a comprehensive outlook on the situation. This book presents a broader understanding of the region to encourage a more sustainable and knowledge-based development plan, moving away from the exploitation of natural resources, with six future-oriented scenarios to consider. This is a much-needed study in the urban regions of Venezuela, which will be of interest to academics and researchers in Latin American studies, the Global South, architecture and planning.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000203301
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
Uncertain Regional Urbanism in Venezuela explores the changes cities face when they become metropolises, forming expanding regions which create both potential and problems within settlements. To do so, it focuses on three metropolitan areas located in Venezuela’s Center-North region: Caracas, Maracay and Valencia, designated as "Camava." Considering three core topics, government and territorial administration, infrastructure and environment, as well as looking at the reciprocal impact, this book describes and analyzes the determinant variables that characterize the phenomenon of regional urbanization in this area and in the wider Global South. It includes documentary research, semi-structured interviews and Delphi methodology, involving a total of forty experts from different disciplines to build a comprehensive outlook on the situation. This book presents a broader understanding of the region to encourage a more sustainable and knowledge-based development plan, moving away from the exploitation of natural resources, with six future-oriented scenarios to consider. This is a much-needed study in the urban regions of Venezuela, which will be of interest to academics and researchers in Latin American studies, the Global South, architecture and planning.
Architecture and Urbanism in a Contact Zone
Author: Mark Mukherjee Campbell
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 0429829213
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
This book explores how histories of migration, cultural encounter and transculturation have shaped formations of urban space, domestic architecture and cultural modernity in Kolkata from the early colonial period to the beginning of the era of India’s economic liberalization. It charts how these themes were manifest in what was an important ‘contact zone’ in the history of globalization and the modern city. Drawing on a wide range of resources and representations, from urban plans and architectural drawings to European travel journals and Bengali literature and cinema, the book investigates the history of Kolkata through an examination of key urban and architectural spaces across the colonial and postcolonial epochs. Through illustrated chapters, it sheds new light on questions of difference and segregation, cultural hybridity, migration, and entanglements of tradition and modernity in the city, analyzing spaces inhabited by a diverse range of cultures, including several neglected in previous studies. Architecture and Urbanism in a Contact Zone offers an instructive contribution to the fields of global architectural history and theory, urban studies and postcolonial cultural studies for scholars, researchers and students alike.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 0429829213
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
This book explores how histories of migration, cultural encounter and transculturation have shaped formations of urban space, domestic architecture and cultural modernity in Kolkata from the early colonial period to the beginning of the era of India’s economic liberalization. It charts how these themes were manifest in what was an important ‘contact zone’ in the history of globalization and the modern city. Drawing on a wide range of resources and representations, from urban plans and architectural drawings to European travel journals and Bengali literature and cinema, the book investigates the history of Kolkata through an examination of key urban and architectural spaces across the colonial and postcolonial epochs. Through illustrated chapters, it sheds new light on questions of difference and segregation, cultural hybridity, migration, and entanglements of tradition and modernity in the city, analyzing spaces inhabited by a diverse range of cultures, including several neglected in previous studies. Architecture and Urbanism in a Contact Zone offers an instructive contribution to the fields of global architectural history and theory, urban studies and postcolonial cultural studies for scholars, researchers and students alike.
Urban Form and Life in Tripoli, Libya
Author: Adel Remali
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000738515
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 271
Book Description
This book charts the city of Tripoli’s rapid economic, environmental, and physical transformation, investigating how these new developments have failed to incorporate the cultural and historic values of the urban fabric. As a result, the city is juxtaposed between traditional and modern urban forms. Urban Form and Life in Tripoli, Libya: Maintaining Cultural Heritage seeks to address this imbalance and argues for greater understanding of local culture and heritage and how this can be enhanced and preserved in future city developments. It explores the challenges of enabling growth and development to accommodate an increasing population and their changing requirements, whilst sustaining the unique cultural and individual characteristics of place. It traces the evolution of urban form and evaluates street quality and life within the city centre of Tripoli, which represents one of the most central, valued and iconic environments in Libya. It interprets the early urban structure, covering the traditional old town and the colonial urban developments, which includes the Italian Quarter and the Garden City. Through the case study city, the book presents a wider approach for understanding how design can be informed by a deeper knowledge of the structural mechanisms of evolution and change in built form. It will appeal to academics, researchers and students interested in urban history, Islamic architecture, and cultural studies.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000738515
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 271
Book Description
This book charts the city of Tripoli’s rapid economic, environmental, and physical transformation, investigating how these new developments have failed to incorporate the cultural and historic values of the urban fabric. As a result, the city is juxtaposed between traditional and modern urban forms. Urban Form and Life in Tripoli, Libya: Maintaining Cultural Heritage seeks to address this imbalance and argues for greater understanding of local culture and heritage and how this can be enhanced and preserved in future city developments. It explores the challenges of enabling growth and development to accommodate an increasing population and their changing requirements, whilst sustaining the unique cultural and individual characteristics of place. It traces the evolution of urban form and evaluates street quality and life within the city centre of Tripoli, which represents one of the most central, valued and iconic environments in Libya. It interprets the early urban structure, covering the traditional old town and the colonial urban developments, which includes the Italian Quarter and the Garden City. Through the case study city, the book presents a wider approach for understanding how design can be informed by a deeper knowledge of the structural mechanisms of evolution and change in built form. It will appeal to academics, researchers and students interested in urban history, Islamic architecture, and cultural studies.
Urban Architecture and Local Spaces in Pakistan
Author: Suneela Ahmed
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000763374
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 199
Book Description
This book is set in Karachi, Pakistan and investigates the possibility of achieving localness through identifying urban process and their impact on built form, addressing how locals associate with the urban spaces and how they value it. Thus, the investigation, using the local terminology maqamiat, goes beyond the physicality of space and develops a framework that helps to understand the social, ethnic, economic, ecological and other the non-physical aspects of space, which are of value to the locals. The aim is to investigate the possibility of achieving localness through identifying urban design elements that can be incorporated into the process of designing new built forms that acknowledges what is valued by the locals instead of superimposing imported designs, negating the contextual realties, both physical and social. For this purpose, the book includes three case studies from Karachi. The book questions the aspiration of many cities in the South Asian context to imitate the built forms of Western cities (increasingly, Singapore and Shanghai) which are viewed as modern and represents future. The book will make a theoretical contribution to the existing literature on postcolonial urbanism and explore space from a local vantage point for understanding how to look inwards for aspiration.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000763374
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 199
Book Description
This book is set in Karachi, Pakistan and investigates the possibility of achieving localness through identifying urban process and their impact on built form, addressing how locals associate with the urban spaces and how they value it. Thus, the investigation, using the local terminology maqamiat, goes beyond the physicality of space and develops a framework that helps to understand the social, ethnic, economic, ecological and other the non-physical aspects of space, which are of value to the locals. The aim is to investigate the possibility of achieving localness through identifying urban design elements that can be incorporated into the process of designing new built forms that acknowledges what is valued by the locals instead of superimposing imported designs, negating the contextual realties, both physical and social. For this purpose, the book includes three case studies from Karachi. The book questions the aspiration of many cities in the South Asian context to imitate the built forms of Western cities (increasingly, Singapore and Shanghai) which are viewed as modern and represents future. The book will make a theoretical contribution to the existing literature on postcolonial urbanism and explore space from a local vantage point for understanding how to look inwards for aspiration.
Architecture and Urban Transformation of Historical Markets: Cases from the Middle East and North Africa
Author: Neveen Hamza
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000645460
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 237
Book Description
This book explores the complex relationship between societies, architecture, and urbanism of market halls, traditional souqs, bazaars, and speciality street markets in the Middle East and North Africa. It addresses how these trading environments influence perceptions of place and play an extended social, political, and religious role while adapting to their local climates. Through Archival research and social science methodologies, this book records and maps markets in urban fabrics, expanding on practices underlying the push towards historical listings and the development of markets as landmarks in the urban fabric. The role of markets in delivering sustainable place-making strategies and influencing the development of cities’ socio-economic and historical strength is addressed as key to their survival in the urban fabric and as place-making landmarks for preserving tangible and intangible heritage. Going beyond heritage and conservation studies, this book discusses how positioning and restoring markets challenges urban renewal policies, access to public space planning, environmental sustainability, security of food supply, cultural heritage, and tourism. This is an ideal read for those interested in the history of urban development, architecture and urban planning, and architectural heritage.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000645460
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 237
Book Description
This book explores the complex relationship between societies, architecture, and urbanism of market halls, traditional souqs, bazaars, and speciality street markets in the Middle East and North Africa. It addresses how these trading environments influence perceptions of place and play an extended social, political, and religious role while adapting to their local climates. Through Archival research and social science methodologies, this book records and maps markets in urban fabrics, expanding on practices underlying the push towards historical listings and the development of markets as landmarks in the urban fabric. The role of markets in delivering sustainable place-making strategies and influencing the development of cities’ socio-economic and historical strength is addressed as key to their survival in the urban fabric and as place-making landmarks for preserving tangible and intangible heritage. Going beyond heritage and conservation studies, this book discusses how positioning and restoring markets challenges urban renewal policies, access to public space planning, environmental sustainability, security of food supply, cultural heritage, and tourism. This is an ideal read for those interested in the history of urban development, architecture and urban planning, and architectural heritage.
Influence and Resistance in Post-Independence Egyptian Architecture
Author: Marwa M. El-Ashmouni
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000617645
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 193
Book Description
This book is an effort towards an in-depth understanding of the architectural discourse in Egypt developed over more than eight decades. It offers a distinctive theoretical interpretation of the forces shaping the kaleidoscopic shifts in Egyptian architecture through the analysis of the micro space of architectural representation of twentieth century Egyptian architecture. Predicated on historical contextualization, theoretical integration, and global conceptualization, Edward Said’s analytical method of contrapuntal reading and the spatial discourse analysis posited by C. Greig Crysler are lucidly assimilated to generate insights into various voices within the architectural discourse in Egypt. The analysis and critique of two important professional magazines, al-‘Imarah (1939–1959) and ‘Alam al-Bena’a (1980–2000), which shaped the collective psyche of both the academic and professional communities in Egypt and the wider region, coupled with the exploration of two other short-lived magazines, M‘imaryah (1982–1989) Medina (1998–2002), and other less-influential professional magazines, discloses the structure of attitude and reference or the exclusions and inclusions that defined the boundaries of the space of the discourse. Influence and Resistance in Post-Independence Egyptian Architecture paves the way to genuinely debate a yet to mature twenty-first century’s architectural discourse in Egypt. This book is a key resource for architects, architectural historians, and critical theorists and will appeal to academics and to both graduate and advanced undergraduate students in architectural history and theory and Middle East and Global South studies.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000617645
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 193
Book Description
This book is an effort towards an in-depth understanding of the architectural discourse in Egypt developed over more than eight decades. It offers a distinctive theoretical interpretation of the forces shaping the kaleidoscopic shifts in Egyptian architecture through the analysis of the micro space of architectural representation of twentieth century Egyptian architecture. Predicated on historical contextualization, theoretical integration, and global conceptualization, Edward Said’s analytical method of contrapuntal reading and the spatial discourse analysis posited by C. Greig Crysler are lucidly assimilated to generate insights into various voices within the architectural discourse in Egypt. The analysis and critique of two important professional magazines, al-‘Imarah (1939–1959) and ‘Alam al-Bena’a (1980–2000), which shaped the collective psyche of both the academic and professional communities in Egypt and the wider region, coupled with the exploration of two other short-lived magazines, M‘imaryah (1982–1989) Medina (1998–2002), and other less-influential professional magazines, discloses the structure of attitude and reference or the exclusions and inclusions that defined the boundaries of the space of the discourse. Influence and Resistance in Post-Independence Egyptian Architecture paves the way to genuinely debate a yet to mature twenty-first century’s architectural discourse in Egypt. This book is a key resource for architects, architectural historians, and critical theorists and will appeal to academics and to both graduate and advanced undergraduate students in architectural history and theory and Middle East and Global South studies.
Design for Living
Author: Vicente Guallart
Publisher: Actar D, Inc.
ISBN: 1638409536
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 530
Book Description
The Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia calls its 8th Advanced Architecture Contest titled “Design for Living,” an opportunity for a global reflection to rethink human habitats where 126 proposals from all around the world help to shape our understanding of contemporary design and architecture. This effort offers the opportunity for a global reflection to rethink human habitats, at a time when the fight for life and climate allows us to consider how we would like to live in the coming decades. We like to think that each person’s life begins at home, which is the center of their universe and the origin of their social interactions. During the pandemic, we had been confined to our homes and they have become microcities where we live, work and rest, connected to the world through information networks. So, after this experience, how do we imagine the future for our living environment? The contest encourages participants to propose a design related to their way of life, at the scale that most interests them from our bodies to the city, anywhere in the world, and that reflects different cultural, environmental, economic or social conditions. In total, the competition received 193 proposals from all around the world and the book includes all the rules and results of the competition, the 33 members of the international jury and the images and information of 126 selected projects. Seen as a whole, this effort serves to build a contemporary vision of the conditions that are currently shaping design and architecture and will continue to shape it in the following years.
Publisher: Actar D, Inc.
ISBN: 1638409536
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 530
Book Description
The Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia calls its 8th Advanced Architecture Contest titled “Design for Living,” an opportunity for a global reflection to rethink human habitats where 126 proposals from all around the world help to shape our understanding of contemporary design and architecture. This effort offers the opportunity for a global reflection to rethink human habitats, at a time when the fight for life and climate allows us to consider how we would like to live in the coming decades. We like to think that each person’s life begins at home, which is the center of their universe and the origin of their social interactions. During the pandemic, we had been confined to our homes and they have become microcities where we live, work and rest, connected to the world through information networks. So, after this experience, how do we imagine the future for our living environment? The contest encourages participants to propose a design related to their way of life, at the scale that most interests them from our bodies to the city, anywhere in the world, and that reflects different cultural, environmental, economic or social conditions. In total, the competition received 193 proposals from all around the world and the book includes all the rules and results of the competition, the 33 members of the international jury and the images and information of 126 selected projects. Seen as a whole, this effort serves to build a contemporary vision of the conditions that are currently shaping design and architecture and will continue to shape it in the following years.
Cities of the World
Author: Stanley D. Brunn
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1538126354
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 609
Book Description
Remarkably, more than half of the world's population now lives in cities, and the numbers grow daily as people abandon rural areas. This fully updated and revised seventh edition of the classic text offers readers a comprehensive set of tools for understanding world regional geography, as seen through the urban landscape, and, by extension, the world's politics, cultures, and economies. Providing a sweeping overview of world urban geography, noted experts explore the major global regions. Each regional chapter considers urban history, economy, culture, and environment, as well as special problems and future prospects. A regional map that shows the major cities, a summary of basic statistical information about the cities and urbanization in each region, and a list of ten salient points about that region’s urban experience frame each region. Chapters conclude with a list of references, including films and webpages, which can be used by the student and instructor for additional information about specific cities. This edition adds the important new themes of climate change and migration, while continuing to focus specifically on sustainability, water, technology, social and environmental justice, security and conflict, the history of urban settlement, urban planning trends, and daily life. Vignettes of key cities give the reader a vivid understanding of daily life and the "spirit of place." The opening chapter presents an overview of key terms and concepts and explores contemporary world urbanization, and a concluding chapter projects the world's urban future. Generously illustrated in full color with a new selection of photographs, maps, and diagrams, the text also includes a rich array of textboxes to highlight key topics ranging from migration and immigration to LBGTQ activism, human security, and climate change. Clearly written and timely, Cities of the World will be invaluable for those teaching introductory or advanced classes on global cities, regional geography, the developing world, and global urban studies.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1538126354
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 609
Book Description
Remarkably, more than half of the world's population now lives in cities, and the numbers grow daily as people abandon rural areas. This fully updated and revised seventh edition of the classic text offers readers a comprehensive set of tools for understanding world regional geography, as seen through the urban landscape, and, by extension, the world's politics, cultures, and economies. Providing a sweeping overview of world urban geography, noted experts explore the major global regions. Each regional chapter considers urban history, economy, culture, and environment, as well as special problems and future prospects. A regional map that shows the major cities, a summary of basic statistical information about the cities and urbanization in each region, and a list of ten salient points about that region’s urban experience frame each region. Chapters conclude with a list of references, including films and webpages, which can be used by the student and instructor for additional information about specific cities. This edition adds the important new themes of climate change and migration, while continuing to focus specifically on sustainability, water, technology, social and environmental justice, security and conflict, the history of urban settlement, urban planning trends, and daily life. Vignettes of key cities give the reader a vivid understanding of daily life and the "spirit of place." The opening chapter presents an overview of key terms and concepts and explores contemporary world urbanization, and a concluding chapter projects the world's urban future. Generously illustrated in full color with a new selection of photographs, maps, and diagrams, the text also includes a rich array of textboxes to highlight key topics ranging from migration and immigration to LBGTQ activism, human security, and climate change. Clearly written and timely, Cities of the World will be invaluable for those teaching introductory or advanced classes on global cities, regional geography, the developing world, and global urban studies.
Social Urbanism
Author: María Bellalta
Publisher: ORO Applied Research + Design
ISBN: 9781943532681
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 200
Book Description
This book serves as a critical review of SOCIAL URBANISM, defined as a socio-political and practical approach to urban globalization, deriving from a planning strategy and portfolio of built projects that seek to alleviate the social consequences of urbanization. This book emphasizes both the political processes and the urbanism projects that simultaneously consider socio-economic and ecological components of space, and which highlight a greater focus on social sustainability. In a context in which geography defines space and culture, and through challenges of a global magnitude, we are inextricably united in an era of environmental uncertainty, where shared experiences and values place us within a collective culture, inspiring mutual agency in service of this vision for SOCIAL URBANISM. Through the work presented here, SOCIAL URBANISM is expanded as a worldview that considers the cultural values of a given place as interconnected to the geographical landscape of the region, and therefore, as the driving forces behind future models of globalization and urban growth. The points of view of multiple colleagues and experts across differing fields provide introspection on the implementation of SOCIAL URBANISM. These shared opinions strengthen the significance of this work and affirm the joint values and visions for the global urbanization challenges we are confronting in the 21st century, and which continue into the future.
Publisher: ORO Applied Research + Design
ISBN: 9781943532681
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 200
Book Description
This book serves as a critical review of SOCIAL URBANISM, defined as a socio-political and practical approach to urban globalization, deriving from a planning strategy and portfolio of built projects that seek to alleviate the social consequences of urbanization. This book emphasizes both the political processes and the urbanism projects that simultaneously consider socio-economic and ecological components of space, and which highlight a greater focus on social sustainability. In a context in which geography defines space and culture, and through challenges of a global magnitude, we are inextricably united in an era of environmental uncertainty, where shared experiences and values place us within a collective culture, inspiring mutual agency in service of this vision for SOCIAL URBANISM. Through the work presented here, SOCIAL URBANISM is expanded as a worldview that considers the cultural values of a given place as interconnected to the geographical landscape of the region, and therefore, as the driving forces behind future models of globalization and urban growth. The points of view of multiple colleagues and experts across differing fields provide introspection on the implementation of SOCIAL URBANISM. These shared opinions strengthen the significance of this work and affirm the joint values and visions for the global urbanization challenges we are confronting in the 21st century, and which continue into the future.
The Design of Protest
Author: Tali Hatuka
Publisher: University of Texas Press
ISBN: 1477315780
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 353
Book Description
Public protests are a vital tool for asserting grievances and creating temporary, yet tangible, communities as the world becomes more democratic and urban in the twenty-first century. While the political and social aspects of protest have been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to the physical spaces in which protests happen. Yet place is a crucial aspect of protests, influencing the dynamics and engagement patterns among participants. In The Design of Protest, Tali Hatuka offers the first extensive discussion of the act of protest as a design: that is, a planned event in a space whose physical geometry and symbolic meaning are used and appropriated by its organizers, who aim to challenge socio-spatial distance between political institutions and the people they should serve. Presenting case studies from around the world, including Tiananmen Square in Beijing; the National Mall in Washington, DC; Rabin Square in Tel Aviv; and the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, Hatuka identifies three major dimensions of public protests: the process of planning the protest in a particular place; the choice of spatial choreography of the event, including the value and meaning of specific tactics; and the challenges of performing contemporary protests in public space in a fragmented, complex, and conflicted world. Numerous photographs, detailed diagrams, and plans complement the case studies, which draw upon interviews with city officials, urban planners, and protesters themselves.
Publisher: University of Texas Press
ISBN: 1477315780
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 353
Book Description
Public protests are a vital tool for asserting grievances and creating temporary, yet tangible, communities as the world becomes more democratic and urban in the twenty-first century. While the political and social aspects of protest have been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to the physical spaces in which protests happen. Yet place is a crucial aspect of protests, influencing the dynamics and engagement patterns among participants. In The Design of Protest, Tali Hatuka offers the first extensive discussion of the act of protest as a design: that is, a planned event in a space whose physical geometry and symbolic meaning are used and appropriated by its organizers, who aim to challenge socio-spatial distance between political institutions and the people they should serve. Presenting case studies from around the world, including Tiananmen Square in Beijing; the National Mall in Washington, DC; Rabin Square in Tel Aviv; and the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, Hatuka identifies three major dimensions of public protests: the process of planning the protest in a particular place; the choice of spatial choreography of the event, including the value and meaning of specific tactics; and the challenges of performing contemporary protests in public space in a fragmented, complex, and conflicted world. Numerous photographs, detailed diagrams, and plans complement the case studies, which draw upon interviews with city officials, urban planners, and protesters themselves.