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Author: Tian Lou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
In this dissertation, I study the influences of social interactions on individuals’ labor market outcomes. The first chapter tests for causality in the positive relationship between teenage alcohol consumption and future earnings. Specifically, to investigate this relationship, I exploit the quasi-random variations in high school peer compositions as a treatment to teenage alcohol consumption. By using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data, I find that high school peer compositions that cause teenagers to drink more do not have significant influences on their future incomes. This provides indirect evidence that the positive relationship between teenage drinking and future income is not causal. The second chapter examines whether immigrants who are living in ethnic enclaves have labor market advantages. By using 2000 and 2010 U.S. census data and a triple differences model, we find that given the same ethnic group average education, ethnic segregation reduces high-skill immigrants’ wages. This may be because the returns on education are higher for high-skill immigrants when they have more social connections with natives and work in native-dominated labor markets. We also find that as the ethnic group average education decreases, the benefits of ethnic segregation for low-skill immigrants also decrease, likely because competition between low-skill immigrants drives down their wages. The third chapter tests whether teenagers are forward-looking when they choose friends in high school. In particular, we assume that when teenagers choose friends, they consider both immediate payoffs (such as increases in popularity) and long-term economic gains (such as increases in their future earnings) from friendships. Then we estimate which is more important to teenagers when choosing friends, the immediate payoffs or the long-term economic gains. By using Add Health data and a three-period dynamic model, we find that the marginal utility of popularity is much higher than the marginal utility of future earnings, which implies that immediate payoffs are the key factors that influence teenagers’ friendship decisions. Moreover, the outcomes in the heterogeneity tests suggest that African Americans and Hispanics have higher returns on both popularity and future earnings than whites.
Author: Tian Lou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
In this dissertation, I study the influences of social interactions on individuals’ labor market outcomes. The first chapter tests for causality in the positive relationship between teenage alcohol consumption and future earnings. Specifically, to investigate this relationship, I exploit the quasi-random variations in high school peer compositions as a treatment to teenage alcohol consumption. By using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data, I find that high school peer compositions that cause teenagers to drink more do not have significant influences on their future incomes. This provides indirect evidence that the positive relationship between teenage drinking and future income is not causal. The second chapter examines whether immigrants who are living in ethnic enclaves have labor market advantages. By using 2000 and 2010 U.S. census data and a triple differences model, we find that given the same ethnic group average education, ethnic segregation reduces high-skill immigrants’ wages. This may be because the returns on education are higher for high-skill immigrants when they have more social connections with natives and work in native-dominated labor markets. We also find that as the ethnic group average education decreases, the benefits of ethnic segregation for low-skill immigrants also decrease, likely because competition between low-skill immigrants drives down their wages. The third chapter tests whether teenagers are forward-looking when they choose friends in high school. In particular, we assume that when teenagers choose friends, they consider both immediate payoffs (such as increases in popularity) and long-term economic gains (such as increases in their future earnings) from friendships. Then we estimate which is more important to teenagers when choosing friends, the immediate payoffs or the long-term economic gains. By using Add Health data and a three-period dynamic model, we find that the marginal utility of popularity is much higher than the marginal utility of future earnings, which implies that immediate payoffs are the key factors that influence teenagers’ friendship decisions. Moreover, the outcomes in the heterogeneity tests suggest that African Americans and Hispanics have higher returns on both popularity and future earnings than whites.
Author: Andrew Grodner
Publisher: Now Publishers Inc
ISBN: 160198488X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
Social Interactions in the Labor Market addresses the following questions: How do theoretical economic models and their associated econometric representations change when there are social interactions among households? How do policy implications change as the result of estimated households' social interactions? The authors present a unified theoretical and empirical representation of social interactions as they pertain to labor supply and demand and demonstrate the cases where current policy prescriptions are greatly altered by the presence of social interactions. Section 2 examines theoretically the effect of household interdependencies on how a researcher estimates and interprets labor supply and earnings equations. Having examined labor supply issues, Section 3 and give theoretical attention to labor demand. As a further demonstration how the presence of social interactions complicates thinking about economic policy the authors consider overall labor market outcomes and related economic policy further in Section 4 by examining theoretically the socially optimal wealth distribution. Section 5 measures local economic conditions by the county unemployment rate and neighborhood spillover effects by the racial makeup and poverty rate of the county. Lastly, Section 6 examines the econometric details of implementing an empirical model with possible social interactions in labor supply.
Author: Yves Zenou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Andrzej Grodner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 201
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Author: Elisabeth Lång
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9176854639
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money?, details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch, describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.
Author: Lena Strindlund
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9179297900
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
Labor market inclusion is a complex assignment that takes place through a dynamic interaction between unemployed individuals from vulnerable groups, several authority actors and employers. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the social dynamics of labor market inclusion, with a particular focus on integration, from the perspectives of employers and authority actors. Three empirical studies have been conducted focusing on different perspectives and integration challenges, using various forms of qualitative methods and theoretical approaches. Study I was a qualitative phenomenographic interview study of employers’ perspectives on labor market inclusion and intersectoral integration. The study showed that employers’ views are multifaceted and can be categorized as constrained, independent, and conditional, and can be understood through a complex internal relationship between conceived individual-, workplace- and authority-related aspects in relation to the themes of trust, contribution, and support (paper I). Study II was a two-year longitudinal case study of an interorganizational integration project, focusing on the authority actors’ perspectives. Through ethnographic fieldwork and a practice-theory approach, two divergent rationalities (an empowerment rationality and a coordinating rationality) were identified within the project organization, and four central concepts were highlighted – communication, trust, structure, and steering – contributing to a collapse in integration (paper II). The dysfunctional group processes were further analyzed with the theory of negative effects of social capital and shadow organizing, summarized as three social dynamics: insulation, homogenization, and escalating commitment (paper III). Study III was a one-year longitudinal case study of a municipal intraorganizational integration project focusing on the perspectives of both authority actors and municipal employers. This study combined ethnographic field work with the theory of social representations, which visualized three different representations among the different professional groups – individual-, employer-, and political-oriented – which contributed to creating tensions within the project, identified as incomprehension, power struggles, expectation gaps, and distrust (paper IV). By studying two labor market inclusion projects through shadow organizing, the thesis has revealed a complex and dynamic interplay between the various views of the actors involved, as well as social processes within the project organizations and organizational aspects, referred to as social dynamics. These social dynamics constitute the key concepts in this thesis, contributing understanding about how integration and organization work within labor market inclusion projects, or rather, what makes them fail. Three social dynamics were identified: multiple and conflicting views, grouping processes, and power struggles. Greater knowledge and awareness of these complex and social dynamics of labor market inclusion may contribute to better preparedness when organizing integration projects. The results suggest that by identifying and addressing the multiple views characterizing integration projects and not letting incomprehension dominate, the destructive social dynamics may not be given as much space, or may even be avoided, which may stimulate a willingness to integrate rather than the opposite.
Author: Jess Benhabib
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0444537139
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1509
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Book Description
How can economists define and measure social preferences and interactions? Through the use of new economic data and tools, our contributors survey an array of social interactions and decisions that typify homo economicus. Identifying economic strains in activities such as learning, group formation, discrimination, and the creation of peer dynamics, they demonstrate how they tease out social preferences from the influences of culture, familial beliefs, religion, and other forces. Advances our understanding about quantifying social interactions and the effects of culture Summarizes research on theoretical and applied economic analyses of social preferences Explores the recent willingness among economists to consider new arguments in the utility function
Author: Jess Benhabib
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444537155
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 569
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Book Description
How do economists understand and measure normal social phenomena? Identifying economic strains in activities such as learning, group formation, discrimination, and peer dynamics requires sophisticated data and tools as well as a grasp of prior scholarship. In this volume leading economists provide an authoritative summary of social choice economics, from norms and conventions to the exchange of discrete resources. Including both theoretical and empirical perspectives, their work provides the basis for models that can offer new insights in applied economic analyses. Reviews the recent approaches that enable economists to separate influences of culture from those caused by economic and institutional environments Explores the recent willingness among economists to consider new arguments in the utility function Presumes that these investigations can eventually be translated into policies
Author: Martin Kahanec
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789056681586
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 147
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Book Description
Author: Amelie F. Constant
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1849506345
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 394
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Book Description
How immigrants and their descendents fare in the host society and in particular in the labor market is a very important question. This work helps to understand the complex relationship between ethnic or minority groups, the role of ethnic identity and their disparate economic performance.
