Author: Sam Morgan
Publisher: LibriHouse
ISBN: 9367679874
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Prepare for a transformative experience with "The Essential Childbirth Guide Preparing for a Confident Delivery." This comprehensive childbirth guide is designed to equip expectant parents with the knowledge and confidence needed for a successful delivery. Discover essential tips for childbirth preparation, including creating a personalized birth plan and understanding the stages of labor and delivery. Enhance your prenatal education with insights on pain management, support options, and what to expect during childbirth. Whether you are a first-time parent or looking to refresh your knowledge, this guide is your go-to resource for navigating the journey of childbirth with assurance and peace of mind.
The Essential Childbirth Guide Preparing for a Confident Delivery
Author: Sam Morgan
Publisher: LibriHouse
ISBN: 9367679874
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Prepare for a transformative experience with "The Essential Childbirth Guide Preparing for a Confident Delivery." This comprehensive childbirth guide is designed to equip expectant parents with the knowledge and confidence needed for a successful delivery. Discover essential tips for childbirth preparation, including creating a personalized birth plan and understanding the stages of labor and delivery. Enhance your prenatal education with insights on pain management, support options, and what to expect during childbirth. Whether you are a first-time parent or looking to refresh your knowledge, this guide is your go-to resource for navigating the journey of childbirth with assurance and peace of mind.
Publisher: LibriHouse
ISBN: 9367679874
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Prepare for a transformative experience with "The Essential Childbirth Guide Preparing for a Confident Delivery." This comprehensive childbirth guide is designed to equip expectant parents with the knowledge and confidence needed for a successful delivery. Discover essential tips for childbirth preparation, including creating a personalized birth plan and understanding the stages of labor and delivery. Enhance your prenatal education with insights on pain management, support options, and what to expect during childbirth. Whether you are a first-time parent or looking to refresh your knowledge, this guide is your go-to resource for navigating the journey of childbirth with assurance and peace of mind.
Birthing from Within
Author: Pam England
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780285637870
Category : Childbirth
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
"Giving birth is the pivotal moment of a woman's life but it is often treated as a medical procedure, and not as a rite of passage. Birthing from Within offers parents engaging and memorable ways for pregnant women, and their partners, to activate personal, social and spiritual resources that will guide them through labour and afterwards. Many birth classes teach from the 'outside', from the perspective of the professional. Yet, knowledge of anatomy and the stages of labour can often seem irrelevant in the intensity of contraction. The pregnant woman needs to know about labour and birth from her own perspective, she needs to be prepared for birthing from within. Pam England offers a method that allows a woman to fully understand her own strengths and resources. The self-discoveries made during pregnancy makes birth life-enhancing and empowers the future of the family. It is a multi-sensory and holistic approach that aims to make parents feel positively informed about what they are about to experience, confident about the birth of their child. Pain is an inevtiable part of childbirth but Birthing from Within provides resources for building pain-coping confidence in parents. It gives detailed instructions on dealing with normal labour pain and when the humane use of drugs may be called for."--Cover.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780285637870
Category : Childbirth
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
"Giving birth is the pivotal moment of a woman's life but it is often treated as a medical procedure, and not as a rite of passage. Birthing from Within offers parents engaging and memorable ways for pregnant women, and their partners, to activate personal, social and spiritual resources that will guide them through labour and afterwards. Many birth classes teach from the 'outside', from the perspective of the professional. Yet, knowledge of anatomy and the stages of labour can often seem irrelevant in the intensity of contraction. The pregnant woman needs to know about labour and birth from her own perspective, she needs to be prepared for birthing from within. Pam England offers a method that allows a woman to fully understand her own strengths and resources. The self-discoveries made during pregnancy makes birth life-enhancing and empowers the future of the family. It is a multi-sensory and holistic approach that aims to make parents feel positively informed about what they are about to experience, confident about the birth of their child. Pain is an inevtiable part of childbirth but Birthing from Within provides resources for building pain-coping confidence in parents. It gives detailed instructions on dealing with normal labour pain and when the humane use of drugs may be called for."--Cover.
Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241547626
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
The main aim of this practical Handbookis to strengthen counselling and communication skills of skilled attendants (SAs) and other health providers, helping them to effectively discuss with women, families and communities the key issues surrounding pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, postnatal and post-abortion care. Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Careis divided into three main sections. Part 1 is an introduction which describes the aims and objectives and the general layout of the Handbook. Part 2 describes the counselling process and outlines the six key steps to effective counselling. It explores the counselling context and factors that influence this context including the socio-economic, gender, and cultural environment. A series of guiding principles is introduced and specific counselling skills are outlined. Part 3 focuses on different maternal and newborn health topics, including general care in the home during pregnancy; birth and emergency planning; danger signs in pregnancy; post-abortion care; support during labor; postnatal care of the mother and newborn; family planning counselling; breastfeeding; women with HIV/AIDS; death and bereavement; women and violence; linking with the community. Each Session contains specific aims and objectives, clearly outlining the skills that will be developed and corresponding learning outcomes. Practical activities have been designed to encourage reflection, provoke discussions, build skills and ensure the local relevance of information. There is a review at the end of each session to ensure the SAs have understood the key points before they progress to subsequent sessions.
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241547626
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
The main aim of this practical Handbookis to strengthen counselling and communication skills of skilled attendants (SAs) and other health providers, helping them to effectively discuss with women, families and communities the key issues surrounding pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, postnatal and post-abortion care. Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Careis divided into three main sections. Part 1 is an introduction which describes the aims and objectives and the general layout of the Handbook. Part 2 describes the counselling process and outlines the six key steps to effective counselling. It explores the counselling context and factors that influence this context including the socio-economic, gender, and cultural environment. A series of guiding principles is introduced and specific counselling skills are outlined. Part 3 focuses on different maternal and newborn health topics, including general care in the home during pregnancy; birth and emergency planning; danger signs in pregnancy; post-abortion care; support during labor; postnatal care of the mother and newborn; family planning counselling; breastfeeding; women with HIV/AIDS; death and bereavement; women and violence; linking with the community. Each Session contains specific aims and objectives, clearly outlining the skills that will be developed and corresponding learning outcomes. Practical activities have been designed to encourage reflection, provoke discussions, build skills and ensure the local relevance of information. There is a review at the end of each session to ensure the SAs have understood the key points before they progress to subsequent sessions.
Preparing for a Gentle Birth
Author: Blandine Calais-Germain
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1594778132
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 220
Book Description
An illustrated hands-on guide to the dynamics of the female pelvis for expectant mothers, midwives, and birth professionals • Provides fully illustrated exercises to help the expectant mother prepare her pelvis for birth and gain confidence in her body’s innate ability to birth her child • Details the anatomical intricacies of the female pelvis and its capabilities for expansion and return to its original form • Presents movements and positions to ease discomfort, enhance the productivity of contractions, aid the internal expansion of the pelvis, and prevent and treat issues that may arise such as “failure to progress” The dynamic power of the female pelvis is the key to a gentle birth. Throughout pregnancy, hormones soften the ligaments and joints of the pelvis in preparation for labor, a time when the four bones of the pelvis--the two ilia (hip bones), the coccyx (tailbone), and the sacrum--do their intimate dance of release, rotation, and counter-rotation around the soon-to-be newborn. In this hands-on guide based on 15 years of research and workshops in maternity wards, movement teachers and health professionals Blandine Calais-Germain and Núria Vives Parés detail the anatomical intricacies of the female pelvis and its capabilities for expansion and return to its original form. Providing fully illustrated exercises to help the expectant mother prepare for this pelvic transformation and gain confidence in her body’s innate ability to birth her child, they also present a variety of movements and positions for use during the different stages of labor to ease discomfort, enhance the productivity of contractions, aid the internal expansion of the pelvis, and prevent and treat issues that may arise such as “failure to progress.” Ideal for the expectant mother and her birthing partner, this book will be a welcome addition to the library of every midwife, obstetrician, doula, and movement professional who teaches pregnant women.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1594778132
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 220
Book Description
An illustrated hands-on guide to the dynamics of the female pelvis for expectant mothers, midwives, and birth professionals • Provides fully illustrated exercises to help the expectant mother prepare her pelvis for birth and gain confidence in her body’s innate ability to birth her child • Details the anatomical intricacies of the female pelvis and its capabilities for expansion and return to its original form • Presents movements and positions to ease discomfort, enhance the productivity of contractions, aid the internal expansion of the pelvis, and prevent and treat issues that may arise such as “failure to progress” The dynamic power of the female pelvis is the key to a gentle birth. Throughout pregnancy, hormones soften the ligaments and joints of the pelvis in preparation for labor, a time when the four bones of the pelvis--the two ilia (hip bones), the coccyx (tailbone), and the sacrum--do their intimate dance of release, rotation, and counter-rotation around the soon-to-be newborn. In this hands-on guide based on 15 years of research and workshops in maternity wards, movement teachers and health professionals Blandine Calais-Germain and Núria Vives Parés detail the anatomical intricacies of the female pelvis and its capabilities for expansion and return to its original form. Providing fully illustrated exercises to help the expectant mother prepare for this pelvic transformation and gain confidence in her body’s innate ability to birth her child, they also present a variety of movements and positions for use during the different stages of labor to ease discomfort, enhance the productivity of contractions, aid the internal expansion of the pelvis, and prevent and treat issues that may arise such as “failure to progress.” Ideal for the expectant mother and her birthing partner, this book will be a welcome addition to the library of every midwife, obstetrician, doula, and movement professional who teaches pregnant women.
Giving Birth With Confidence (Official Lamaze Guide, 3rd Edition)
Author: Judith Lothian
Publisher: Da Capo Press
ISBN: 1451619227
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
For a Safe and Healthy Birth… Your Way! Giving Birth with Confidence will help take the mystery out of having a baby and help you better understand how your body works during pregnancy and childbirth, giving you the confidence to make decisions that best ensure the safety and health of you and your baby. Giving Birth with Confidence is the first and only pregnancy and childbirth guide written by Lamaze International, the leading childbirth education organization in North America. Written with a respectful, positive tone, this book presents: • Information to help you choose your maternity care provider and place of birth • Practical strategies to help you work effectively with your care provider • Information on how pregnancy and birth progress naturally • Steps you can take to alleviate fear and manage pain during labor • The best available medical evidence to help you make informed decisions Previously titled The Official Lamaze Guide, this 3rd edition has updated information on: • How vaginal birth, keeping mother and baby together, and breastfeeding help to build the baby’s microbiome. • How hormones naturally start and regulate labor and release endorphins to help alleviate pain. • Maternity-care practices that can disrupt the body’s normal functioning. • The latest recommendations on lifestyle issues like alcohol, vitamins, and caffeine. • Room sharing and cosleeping: the controversy, recommendations, and safety guidelines. • Out-of-hospital births are on the rise: New research and advice on planned home birth, including ACOG’s revised guidelines, which support women’s choices and promote seamless transfer to hospital, if needed. • The importance of avoiding unnecessary caesareans for mother and child. Includes the new ACOG guidelines on inductions and active labor. • The research in support of the Lamaze International’s “Six Healthy Birth Practices,” which are: • Let labor begin on its own. • Walk, move around, and change positions throughout labor. • Bring a loved one, friend, or doula for continuous support. • Avoid interventions that aren’t medically necessary. • Avoid giving birth on your back and follow your body’s urges to push. • Keep mother and baby together—it’s best for mother, baby, and breastfeeding.
Publisher: Da Capo Press
ISBN: 1451619227
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
For a Safe and Healthy Birth… Your Way! Giving Birth with Confidence will help take the mystery out of having a baby and help you better understand how your body works during pregnancy and childbirth, giving you the confidence to make decisions that best ensure the safety and health of you and your baby. Giving Birth with Confidence is the first and only pregnancy and childbirth guide written by Lamaze International, the leading childbirth education organization in North America. Written with a respectful, positive tone, this book presents: • Information to help you choose your maternity care provider and place of birth • Practical strategies to help you work effectively with your care provider • Information on how pregnancy and birth progress naturally • Steps you can take to alleviate fear and manage pain during labor • The best available medical evidence to help you make informed decisions Previously titled The Official Lamaze Guide, this 3rd edition has updated information on: • How vaginal birth, keeping mother and baby together, and breastfeeding help to build the baby’s microbiome. • How hormones naturally start and regulate labor and release endorphins to help alleviate pain. • Maternity-care practices that can disrupt the body’s normal functioning. • The latest recommendations on lifestyle issues like alcohol, vitamins, and caffeine. • Room sharing and cosleeping: the controversy, recommendations, and safety guidelines. • Out-of-hospital births are on the rise: New research and advice on planned home birth, including ACOG’s revised guidelines, which support women’s choices and promote seamless transfer to hospital, if needed. • The importance of avoiding unnecessary caesareans for mother and child. Includes the new ACOG guidelines on inductions and active labor. • The research in support of the Lamaze International’s “Six Healthy Birth Practices,” which are: • Let labor begin on its own. • Walk, move around, and change positions throughout labor. • Bring a loved one, friend, or doula for continuous support. • Avoid interventions that aren’t medically necessary. • Avoid giving birth on your back and follow your body’s urges to push. • Keep mother and baby together—it’s best for mother, baby, and breastfeeding.
Mindful Birthing
Author: Nancy Bardacke
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0062205978
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 389
Book Description
With Mindful Birthing, Nancy Bardacke, nurse-midwife and mindfulness teacher, lays out her innovative program for pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond. Drawing on groundbreaking research in neuroscience, mindfulness meditation, and mind/body medicine, Bardacke offers practices that will help you find calm and ease during this life-changing time, providing lifelong skills for healthy living and wise parenting. SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF MINDFUL BIRTHING: Increases confidence and decreases fear of childbirth Taps into deep inner resources for working with pain Improves couple communication, connection, and cooperation Provides stress-reducing skills for greater joy and wellbeing
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0062205978
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 389
Book Description
With Mindful Birthing, Nancy Bardacke, nurse-midwife and mindfulness teacher, lays out her innovative program for pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond. Drawing on groundbreaking research in neuroscience, mindfulness meditation, and mind/body medicine, Bardacke offers practices that will help you find calm and ease during this life-changing time, providing lifelong skills for healthy living and wise parenting. SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF MINDFUL BIRTHING: Increases confidence and decreases fear of childbirth Taps into deep inner resources for working with pain Improves couple communication, connection, and cooperation Provides stress-reducing skills for greater joy and wellbeing
Dad 101: A Comprehensive Guide to Navigating Fatherhood with Confidence
Author: Kirsty Izatt-Lewis
Publisher: Richards Education
ISBN:
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 119
Book Description
Embarking on the journey of fatherhood? "Dad 101: A Comprehensive Guide to Navigating Fatherhood with Confidence" is here to guide you through every step of the way. From preparing for the arrival of your little one to building a strong relationship and navigating parenting challenges, this book covers it all. With practical advice, expert tips, and heartfelt insights, you'll learn how to embrace your new role with confidence and joy. Whether you're a first-time dad or adding to your family, "Dad 101" is your essential companion for the rewarding adventure of fatherhood.
Publisher: Richards Education
ISBN:
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 119
Book Description
Embarking on the journey of fatherhood? "Dad 101: A Comprehensive Guide to Navigating Fatherhood with Confidence" is here to guide you through every step of the way. From preparing for the arrival of your little one to building a strong relationship and navigating parenting challenges, this book covers it all. With practical advice, expert tips, and heartfelt insights, you'll learn how to embrace your new role with confidence and joy. Whether you're a first-time dad or adding to your family, "Dad 101" is your essential companion for the rewarding adventure of fatherhood.
Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Newborn
Author: Janet Walley
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1451616007
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 514
Book Description
If you only buy one pregnancy book, this should be the one! It’s the most complete. It covers all aspects of childbearing, from conception through early infancy, and tells you what to expect. It offers detailed information, suggestions on decisions to make, and advice on steps to take to have a safe and satisfying experience. The Award-Winning Resource Recommended by Experts & Loved by Parents Parents love this book because it puts them in control by explaining a wide range of options, information, and questions to ask, so parents can find what works best for their health situation, personal goals, and priorities. Experts love this book because it’s based on the latest medical research and recommendations from leading health organizations. It’s practical—rooted in the real-life experiences of new families. The five authors bring a combined total of 150 years of experience working with expectant and new families as educators, nurses, counselors, doulas, physical therapists, and lactation consultants. They have attended hundreds of births, heard thousands of birth stories, and assisted innumerable new parents in adapting to their new lives. Not only that, the authors have a combined total of 12 children and 12 grandchildren. All of this experience allows them to write with compassion, understanding, and wisdom based on what really works in the real-world of parenting. The companion website offers even more details on select subjects, including lists of all the best resources on each topic and worksheets to guide parents’ decision-making process. The website also includes a bonus chapter on pre-conception, which provides ways to improve your health and fertility before pregnancy begins.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1451616007
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 514
Book Description
If you only buy one pregnancy book, this should be the one! It’s the most complete. It covers all aspects of childbearing, from conception through early infancy, and tells you what to expect. It offers detailed information, suggestions on decisions to make, and advice on steps to take to have a safe and satisfying experience. The Award-Winning Resource Recommended by Experts & Loved by Parents Parents love this book because it puts them in control by explaining a wide range of options, information, and questions to ask, so parents can find what works best for their health situation, personal goals, and priorities. Experts love this book because it’s based on the latest medical research and recommendations from leading health organizations. It’s practical—rooted in the real-life experiences of new families. The five authors bring a combined total of 150 years of experience working with expectant and new families as educators, nurses, counselors, doulas, physical therapists, and lactation consultants. They have attended hundreds of births, heard thousands of birth stories, and assisted innumerable new parents in adapting to their new lives. Not only that, the authors have a combined total of 12 children and 12 grandchildren. All of this experience allows them to write with compassion, understanding, and wisdom based on what really works in the real-world of parenting. The companion website offers even more details on select subjects, including lists of all the best resources on each topic and worksheets to guide parents’ decision-making process. The website also includes a bonus chapter on pre-conception, which provides ways to improve your health and fertility before pregnancy begins.
A Good Birth
Author: Anne Lyerly
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1101609044
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Drawing on a landmark study involving more than one hundred pregnant women and mothers, a renowned OB/GYN synthesizes the secrets to a good birth—medically and emotionally. Most doctors are trained to think of a “good” birth only in terms of its medical success. But Dr. Anne Lyerly knows firsthand that there are many other important elements that often get overlooked. Her three-year study of a diverse group of over one hundred expectant moms asked what matters most to women during childbirth. The results, presented to the public for the first time in A Good Birth, show what really matters goes beyond the clinical outcome or even the usual questions of hospital versus birthing center, and reveal universal needs of women, like the importance of feeling connected, safe, and respected. Bringing a new perspective to childbirth, the book’s wisdom is drawn from in-depth interviews with women with a wide variety of backgrounds and experiences, and whose birth stories range from quick and simple to complicated and frightening. Describing what went well, what didn’t, and what they’d do differently next time, these mothers give voice to the complete experience of childbirth, helping both women and their healthcare providers develop strategies to address the emotional needs of the mother, going beyond the standard birth plans and conversations. Transcending the “medical” versus “natural” childbirth debate, A Good Birth paves the entryway to motherhood, turning our attention to the deeper and more important question of what truly makes for the best birth possible.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1101609044
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Drawing on a landmark study involving more than one hundred pregnant women and mothers, a renowned OB/GYN synthesizes the secrets to a good birth—medically and emotionally. Most doctors are trained to think of a “good” birth only in terms of its medical success. But Dr. Anne Lyerly knows firsthand that there are many other important elements that often get overlooked. Her three-year study of a diverse group of over one hundred expectant moms asked what matters most to women during childbirth. The results, presented to the public for the first time in A Good Birth, show what really matters goes beyond the clinical outcome or even the usual questions of hospital versus birthing center, and reveal universal needs of women, like the importance of feeling connected, safe, and respected. Bringing a new perspective to childbirth, the book’s wisdom is drawn from in-depth interviews with women with a wide variety of backgrounds and experiences, and whose birth stories range from quick and simple to complicated and frightening. Describing what went well, what didn’t, and what they’d do differently next time, these mothers give voice to the complete experience of childbirth, helping both women and their healthcare providers develop strategies to address the emotional needs of the mother, going beyond the standard birth plans and conversations. Transcending the “medical” versus “natural” childbirth debate, A Good Birth paves the entryway to motherhood, turning our attention to the deeper and more important question of what truly makes for the best birth possible.
Gentle Birth Choices
Author: Barbara Harper
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1594778639
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 586
Book Description
Birth as every woman would like it to be • Recommended by Lamaze International as one of the top ten books for pregnant women and their families • Includes a 45-minute DVD of six live gentle births • More than 32,000 copies sold of the original edition New parents are faced with a myriad of choices about pregnancy, labor, and birth. In Gentle Birth Choices Barbara Harper, renowned childbirth advocate, nurse, former midwife, and mother of three, helps to clarify these choices and shows how to plan a meaningful, family-centered birth experience. She dispels medical myths and reimagines birth without fear, pain, or violence. Harper explains the numerous gentle birth choices available, including giving birth in an independent birth center, at home, or in a hospital birthing room; finding a primary caregiver who shares your philosophy of birth; and deciding how to best use current technologies. She also provides practical advice for couples wishing to explore the option of using a doula or water during labor and birth to avoid the unwanted effects of drugs and epidurals. The Gentle Birth Choices DVD blends interviews with midwives and physicians and six actual births that illustrate the options of water birth, home birth, and vaginal birth after a prior Cesarean section. The DVD clearly reveals the strength of women during childbirth and the healthy and happy outcome of women exercising gentle birth choices. It is a powerful instructional tool, not only for expectant parents, but also for midwives, hospitals, birth centers, and doctors.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1594778639
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 586
Book Description
Birth as every woman would like it to be • Recommended by Lamaze International as one of the top ten books for pregnant women and their families • Includes a 45-minute DVD of six live gentle births • More than 32,000 copies sold of the original edition New parents are faced with a myriad of choices about pregnancy, labor, and birth. In Gentle Birth Choices Barbara Harper, renowned childbirth advocate, nurse, former midwife, and mother of three, helps to clarify these choices and shows how to plan a meaningful, family-centered birth experience. She dispels medical myths and reimagines birth without fear, pain, or violence. Harper explains the numerous gentle birth choices available, including giving birth in an independent birth center, at home, or in a hospital birthing room; finding a primary caregiver who shares your philosophy of birth; and deciding how to best use current technologies. She also provides practical advice for couples wishing to explore the option of using a doula or water during labor and birth to avoid the unwanted effects of drugs and epidurals. The Gentle Birth Choices DVD blends interviews with midwives and physicians and six actual births that illustrate the options of water birth, home birth, and vaginal birth after a prior Cesarean section. The DVD clearly reveals the strength of women during childbirth and the healthy and happy outcome of women exercising gentle birth choices. It is a powerful instructional tool, not only for expectant parents, but also for midwives, hospitals, birth centers, and doctors.