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Author: Rey Hernández-Julián
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 43
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Book Description
This paper uses the Bangladesh famine of 1974 as a natural experiment to estimate the impact of intrauterine malnutrition on sex of the child and infant mortality. In addition, we estimate the impact of malnutrition on post-famine pregnancy outcomes. Using the 1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey (MHSS), we find that women who were pregnant during the famine were less likely to have male children. Moreover, children who were in utero during the most severe period of the Bangladesh famine were 32 percent more likely to die within one month of birth compared to their siblings who were not in utero during the famine. Finally, controlling for pre-famine fertility, we find that women who were pregnant during the Famine experienced a higher number of stillbirths in the post-Famine years. This increase appears to be driven by an excess number of male stillbirths.
Author: Rey Hernández-Julián
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 43
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Book Description
This paper uses the Bangladesh famine of 1974 as a natural experiment to estimate the impact of intrauterine malnutrition on sex of the child and infant mortality. In addition, we estimate the impact of malnutrition on post-famine pregnancy outcomes. Using the 1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey (MHSS), we find that women who were pregnant during the famine were less likely to have male children. Moreover, children who were in utero during the most severe period of the Bangladesh famine were 32 percent more likely to die within one month of birth compared to their siblings who were not in utero during the famine. Finally, controlling for pre-famine fertility, we find that women who were pregnant during the Famine experienced a higher number of stillbirths in the post-Famine years. This increase appears to be driven by an excess number of male stillbirths.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309166837
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries.
Author: Robert Black
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464803684
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309035309
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 297
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Book Description
Despite recent declines in infant mortality, the rates of low birthweight deliveries in the United States continue to be high. Part I of this volume defines the significance of the problems, presents current data on risk factors and etiology, and reviews recent state and national trends in the incidence of low birthweight among various groups. Part II describes the preventive approaches found most desirable and considers their costs. Research needs are discussed throughout the volume.
Author: Krista Danielle Sowell
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781369615401
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Many diverse factors can contribute to abnormal pregnancy outcomes, including maternal nutrition, which can have direct effects on developmental processes during pregnancy and early infancy, with potential life-long consequences to the offspring. The prevalence of these outcomes largely differs between countries, due in part to the varied socioeconomic status, degree of nutritional deficiency, and genetics in each region. Both early observational and supplementation trials have found beneficial effects of improved maternal macro- and micronutrient nutritional status on reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes, including prematurity, miscarriage and post-natal infections. Numerous prenatal and postnatal supplementation trials of single nutrients as well as multiple vitamin/minerals (MVM) have reported beneficial results on pregnancy outcomes, particularly when the population being studied was initially characterized by poor nutritional status. With respect to supplementation, a nutrient that has received significant attention is vitamin D. While vitamin D has long been known to influence infant skeletal development, recently, maternal vitamin D deficiency has been associated with infertility, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and increased risk of allergies in children. Vitamin D supplementation trials during pregnancy produced positive results on lowering blood pressure and improving blood glucose control suggesting a possible role in the treatment for gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Supplementation with MVM that includes vitamin D has shown reductions in small for gestational age and low birth weight babies; however, the extent to which vitamin D per se contributes to these positive effects is an area of considerable debate. It is clear that well-designed, large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the effects of maternal vitamin D status on pregnancy and infant outcomes. One component of my dissertation research was a published review of vitamin D supplementation and pregnancy outcome. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) characterizes some infants born to women who consume alcohol during pregnancy. FASD, which can include facial dysmorphology, growth retardation and neurobehavioral deficits, is a leading cause of cognitive impairment worldwide. Thus, it is crucial to identify factors that can impact the risk for FASD. My dissertation research was focused on an investigation of two such factors: maternal fatty acid profiles and maternal immune function. Using a Ukrainian population of alcohol-consuming mothers, in the first study, I examined the relationship of maternal alcohol consumption on third trimester maternal plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and their association with FASD in the offspring. Third trimester plasma docosahexanoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) and total omega-3 fatty acids expressed as both concentration and the percent of total fatty acids, were negatively associated with alcohol intakes around conception and enrollment (average 19 weeks gestation). Plasma composition of omega-6 fatty acids were altered in mother with FASD infants. Specifically, arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n6) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn6, C22:6n3) were significantly higher in mothers with FASD infants than in either controls or alcohol-exposed mothers with typically developing infants. These results provide support that maternal fatty acid status may play a role in the etiology of FASD.During pregnancy, the maternal immune system participates in both pro and anti-inflammatory responses prompted by synergistic interactions between both maternal and fetal tissues to allow fetal acceptance and protect the mother from infection. It has been a prominent theory that immune dysfunction during pregnancy is a contributing factor to miscarriages and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Given that alcohol alters immune response leading to both pro-inflammatory response and diminished immune function, in the second study, I investigated the association of maternal cytokine levels in early/mid (26 weeks gestation) and late pregnancy (26 weeks gestation) in our population of Ukrainian mothers on neurobehavioral development and risk for FASD in their offspring. Neurobehavioral testing (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) was administered to alcohol-exposed and alcohol-unexposed infants at six and twelve months. I examined whether the resulting standardized mental development scores (MDI) and psychomotor development scores (PDI) were associated with maternal cytokine levels. Increases in the ratio of maternal TNF-[alpha]/IL-10 and IL-6/IL-10 in late pregnancy were negatively associated with MDI scores at twelve months and PDI scores at both time points. A reduction in the odds ratio of having an FASD child was observed with increasing levels of IL-1[beta], IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in early pregnancy and IL-1[beta] and IL-10 during late pregnancy. However, subjects that did not increase IL-10 levels in the third trimester in order to maintain the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines had an elevated risk of having a child with FASD with a significant increase in the odds ratio of FASD with increasing ratios of late pregnancy TNF-[alpha]/IL-10 levels. These data support the concept that in alcohol-consuming women, disruptions in immune response, more notably, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can contribute to neurobehavioral impairment and an increased risk of FASD. These data support the implication that maternal nutrition and immune function are contributing factors in FASD and neurobehavioral impairment in alcohol-exposed infants. Future studies to determine the mechanisms involved in the both the individual and interdependent roles of maternal nutrition and immune function are needed. With this knowledge, more specialized nutritional interventions for the prevention and/or treatment of FASD can be developed.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030917211X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
In 1997 the committee published Reproductive Health in Developing Countries: Expanding Dimensions, Building Solutions, a report that recommended actions to improve reproductive health for women around the world. As a follow- on activity, the committee proposed an investigation into the social and economic consequences of maternal morbidity and mortality. With funding from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the U.S. Agency for International Development, the committee organized a workshop on this topic in Washington, DC, on October 19-20, 1998. The Consequences of Maternal Morbidity and Maternal Mortality assesses the scientific knowledge about the consequences of maternal morbidity and mortality and discusses key findings from recent research. Although the existing research on this topic is scarce, the report drew on similar literature on the consequences of adult disease and death, especially the growing literature on the socioeconomic consequences of AIDS, to look at potential consequences from maternal disability and death.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309058961
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 438
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Book Description
The last 35 years or so have witnessed a dramatic shift in the demography of many developing countries. Before 1960, there were substantial improvements in life expectancy, but fertility declines were very rare. Few people used modern contraceptives, and couples had large families. Since 1960, however, fertility rates have fallen in virtually every major geographic region of the world, for almost all political, social, and economic groups. What factors are responsible for the sharp decline in fertility? What role do child survival programs or family programs play in fertility declines? Casual observation suggests that a decline in infant and child mortality is the most important cause, but there is surprisingly little hard evidence for this conclusion. The papers in this volume explore the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the fertility-mortality relationship. It includes several detailed case studies based on contemporary data from developing countries and on historical data from Europe and the United States.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309176115
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 107
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Book Description
Over the past several decades, public concern over exposure to ionizing radiation has increased. This concern has manifested itself in different ways depending on the perception of risk to different individuals and different groups and the circumstances of their exposure. One such group are those U.S. servicemen (the "Atomic Veterans" who participated in the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons at the Nevada Test Site or in the Pacific Proving Grounds, who served with occupation forces in or near Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or who were prisoners of war in or near those cities at the time of, or shortly after, the atomic bombings. This book addresses the feasibility of conducting an epidemiologic study to determine if there is an increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes in the spouses, children, and grandchildren of the Atomic Veterans.
Author: Michael E. Symonds
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521887097
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 217
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Book Description
With the aim to improve clinicians' understanding of the important effects nutrition can have on maternal health and fetal and neonatal development, Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation defines the nutritional requirements with regard to the stage of development and growth, placing scientific developments into clinical context.
Author: Christoph Lees
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108548180
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
Master the effective evaluation, analysis and management of placental-fetal growth restriction (PFGR), reducing the risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity in patients worldwide. Extensively researched by international experts, this manual provides practitioners with a detailed, hands-on approach to the practical 'pearls' for direct patient management. This authoritative volume advises on matters such as the correct evaluation and management of high-risk patients in danger of PFGR through to delivery. Extensive and wide-ranging, this book is an invaluable companion to the developing research interest and clinical applications in PFGR, including developmental outcomes in early childhood. Featuring a critical evaluation of a variety of abnormal conditions, such as fetal hypoxia, which are clearly displayed through extensive illustrations. This essential toolkit ensures that practitioners of all levels can effectively limit the risk of mortality and morbidity, and reach the correct diagnosis, first-time.
