The Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Resting Mean Arterial Pressure and C-reactive Protein Content in Prehypertensive Subjects PDF Download
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Author: Benjamin C. Skutnik
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Subjects with prehypertension are at risk for developing hypertension (HTN). Hypertension is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI). Aerobic exercise training (ET) is a proven means to reduce both blood pressure and LGSI in healthy and diseased subjects. Recently, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been show to elicit similar cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations as ET in healthy and at-risk populations in a more time efficient manner. Therefore, we hypothesized that HIIT would elicit greater reductions in blood pressure and LGSI than ET. Twelve pre-hypertensive subjects (systolic blood pressure 127.0 ± 8.5 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure 86.2 ± 4.1 mmHg) were randomly assigned to an ET group (n=5) and a HIIT group (n=7). All subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion (VO2max) on a cycle ergometer prior to, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks of training. Resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured prior to and three times a week during training. LGSI was measured via high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) prior to, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks of training. ET subjects performed an eight week exercise training program at 40% VO2 reserve determined from the VOVO2[subscript]max test, while HIIT subjects performed exercise at 60% peak power determined from the VO2[subscript]max test. ET group trained four days/week while HIIT trained three days/week. ET exercised for 30 minutes continuously at a constant workload and cadence of 60 rpm while HIIT performed a protocol on a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio at a constant workload and cadence of 100 rpm. Both groups showed similar (p0.05) decreases in mean arterial (ET = -7.3%, HIIT = -4.5%), systolic (ET = -6.6%, HIIT = -8.8%), and diastolic (ET= -9.7, HIIT= -8.2%) blood pressure. HIIT decreased in LGSI ( -33.7%) while ET did not change LGSI (p0.05). VOVO2[subscript]max increased ~25% with both HIIT and ET with no differences (p>0.05) between groups. These data suggest both HIIT and ET similarly decreased resting blood pressure and increased VO2max while HIIT was effective in decreasing LGSI in subjects who were pre-hypertensive.
Author: Benjamin C. Skutnik
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Subjects with prehypertension are at risk for developing hypertension (HTN). Hypertension is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI). Aerobic exercise training (ET) is a proven means to reduce both blood pressure and LGSI in healthy and diseased subjects. Recently, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been show to elicit similar cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations as ET in healthy and at-risk populations in a more time efficient manner. Therefore, we hypothesized that HIIT would elicit greater reductions in blood pressure and LGSI than ET. Twelve pre-hypertensive subjects (systolic blood pressure 127.0 ± 8.5 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure 86.2 ± 4.1 mmHg) were randomly assigned to an ET group (n=5) and a HIIT group (n=7). All subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion (VO2max) on a cycle ergometer prior to, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks of training. Resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured prior to and three times a week during training. LGSI was measured via high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) prior to, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks of training. ET subjects performed an eight week exercise training program at 40% VO2 reserve determined from the VOVO2[subscript]max test, while HIIT subjects performed exercise at 60% peak power determined from the VO2[subscript]max test. ET group trained four days/week while HIIT trained three days/week. ET exercised for 30 minutes continuously at a constant workload and cadence of 60 rpm while HIIT performed a protocol on a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio at a constant workload and cadence of 100 rpm. Both groups showed similar (p0.05) decreases in mean arterial (ET = -7.3%, HIIT = -4.5%), systolic (ET = -6.6%, HIIT = -8.8%), and diastolic (ET= -9.7, HIIT= -8.2%) blood pressure. HIIT decreased in LGSI ( -33.7%) while ET did not change LGSI (p0.05). VOVO2[subscript]max increased ~25% with both HIIT and ET with no differences (p>0.05) between groups. These data suggest both HIIT and ET similarly decreased resting blood pressure and increased VO2max while HIIT was effective in decreasing LGSI in subjects who were pre-hypertensive.
Author: Richard G. Pagel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : C-reactive protein
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Abstract: The current study was designed to investigate the influence of a single bout of exercise on the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in females over the age of 50 years. The expected outcome was a small, acute decrease in the serum concentration of CRP from a resting (control) baseline, in line with the long-term effects of such exercise. Subjects were 7 apparently healthy, active females (mean age = 56 ± 3.5 years) who volunteered to walk on a treadmill for 30 min at moderate intensity, and to have samples of venous blood drawn at prescribed intervals during a control session and an exercise session. The variable measured was CRP. One 2 x 3 (control and exercise 3 times) repeated measures ANOVA was computed for the dependent variable. No significant condition by time interaction (p > .05) was found for CRP. Additionally, no significant main effects (p > .05) were found with regard to condition or time for CRP. No evidence was found that a single bout of moderate intensity exercise influenced the serum concentration of CRP in older women.
Author: Linda S. Pescatello
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319170767
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 347
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Book Description
As the first primer on the effects of exercise on human hypertension, Effects of Exercise on Hypertension: From Cells to Physiological Systems provides the state-of-the-art effects of exercise on the many possible mechanisms underlying essential hypertension in humans. The book contains chapters by distinguished experts on the effects of exercise on physiological systems known to be involved in hypertension development and maintenance as well as less well known aspects of hypertension such as 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profile and oxidative stress. An emerging area, the effects of resistance exercise training on blood pressure is also covered. A unique aspect of the book is that it covers the effects of exercise mimetics on vascular cell adaptations in order to begin to elucidate some of the cellular mechanisms that may underlie blood pressure reductions with exercise training. Lastly, the book will end with a chapter on the interactive effects of genes and exercise on blood pressure. Chapters are grouped by physiological system or mechanism. The text begins with two overview chapters; one on the general effects of aerobic exercise training and the second on the general effects of resistance exercise training on blood pressure. Each chapter begins with a bulleted list of key points. Effects of Exercise on Hypertension: From Cells to Physiological Systems will be of great value to professional individuals in cardiovascular medicine, the cardiovascular sciences, allied health care professionals, and medical and graduate students in the cardiovascular sciences and medicine.
Author: Olivier Girard
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889454061
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 169
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In the past, ‘traditional’ moderate-intensity continuous training (60-75% peak heart rate) was the type of physical activity most frequently recommended for both athletes and clinical populations (cf. American College of Sports Medicine guidelines). However, growing evidence indicates that high-intensity interval training (80-100% peak heart rate) could actually be associated with larger cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic function benefits and, thereby, physical performance gains for athletes. Similarly, recent data in obese and hypertensive individuals indicate that various mechanisms – further improvement in endothelial function, reductions in sympathetic neural activity, or in arterial stiffness – might be involved in the larger cardiovascular protective effects associated with training at high exercise intensities. Concerning hypoxic training, similar trends have been observed from ‘traditional’ prolonged altitude sojourns (‘Live High Train High’ or ‘Live High Train Low’), which result in increased hemoglobin mass and blood carrying capacity. Recent innovative ‘Live Low Train High’ methods (‘Resistance Training in Hypoxia’ or ‘Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia’) have resulted in peripheral adaptations, such as hypertrophy or delay in muscle fatigue. Other interventions inducing peripheral hypoxia, such as vascular occlusion during endurance/resistance training or remote ischemic preconditioning (i.e. succession of ischemia/reperfusion episodes), have been proposed as methods for improving subsequent exercise performance or altitude tolerance (e.g. reduced severity of acute-mountain sickness symptoms). Postulated mechanisms behind these metabolic, neuro-humoral, hemodynamics, and systemic adaptations include stimulation of nitric oxide synthase, increase in anti-oxidant enzymes, and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although the amount of evidence is not yet significant enough. Improved O2 delivery/utilization conferred by hypoxic training interventions might also be effective in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, as well as contributing to improve exercise tolerance and health status of patients. For example, in obese subjects, combining exercise with hypoxic exposure enhances the negative energy balance, which further reduces weight and improves cardio-metabolic health. In hypertensive patients, the larger lowering of blood pressure through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and the associated compensatory vasodilation is taken to reflect the superiority of exercising in hypoxia compared to normoxia. A hypoxic stimulus, in addition to exercise at high vs. moderate intensity, has the potential to further ameliorate various aspects of the vascular function, as observed in healthy populations. This may have clinical implications for the reduction of cardiovascular risks. Key open questions are therefore of interest for patients suffering from chronic vascular or cellular hypoxia (e.g. work-rest or ischemia/reperfusion intermittent pattern; exercise intensity; hypoxic severity and exposure duration; type of hypoxia (normobaric vs. hypobaric); health risks; magnitude and maintenance of the benefits). Outside any potential beneficial effects of exercising in O2-deprived environments, there may also be long-term adverse consequences of chronic intermittent severe hypoxia. Sleep apnea syndrome, for instance, leads to oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately systemic inflammation. Postulated pathophysiological changes associated with intermittent hypoxic exposure include alteration in baroreflex activity, increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and hematocrit, changes in heart structure and function, and an alteration in endothelial-dependent vasodilation in cerebral and muscular arteries. There is a need to explore the combination of exercising in hypoxia and association of hypertension, developmental defects, neuro-pathological and neuro-cognitive deficits, enhanced susceptibility to oxidative injury, and possibly increased myocardial and cerebral infarction in individuals sensitive to hypoxic stress. The aim of this Research Topic is to shed more light on the transcriptional, vascular, hemodynamics, neuro-humoral, and systemic consequences of training at high intensities under various hypoxic conditions.
Author: Linghao Kong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a 3-week High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) program on fitness-related parameters (peak heart rate, peak Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), V ̇O2peak, time to exhaustion, and lactate threshold) among three different populations (healthy inactive, healthy active, prehypertension in China). In addition, resting blood pressure was also measured before and after the 3-week HIIT program. Males (N = 30; age = 18 - 30 years) were assigned to three groups according to the recruitment criteria. Six 2 (Time) x 3 (Group) mixed factorial ANOVAs were performed to determine if differences existed in the six dependent variables. Regardless of the group difference, significant main effects were found for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, V ̇O2peak, time to exhaustion, and lactate threshold for test occasions. No significant interaction effects were found for any variables, no significant main effects were found for peak RPE and peak heart rate. A 3-week HIIT intervention lowered resting blood pressure, while increasing time to exhaustion, lactate threshold, and V ̇O2peak for all three different groups included. Peak heart rate and peak RPE were unchanged.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arteries
Languages : en
Pages : 46
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Central arterial stiffness, indicated by pulse wave velocity (PWV), is increased during the hour post ultramarathon (ULT), but it's currently unknown if PWV remains elevated 24 hours after ULT or marathon (MAR). PURPOSE: To determine the effects of ULT and MAR on C-reactive protein (CRP), aortic blood pressure (BP), aortic augmentation index (AIx), PWV, and LF:HF ratio. We hypothesized that CRP, AIx, PWV and LF:HF ratio would be elevated 24 hours post-race. Our secondary hypothesis was that changes in PWV would be inversely correlated to the percentage of moderate activity (3-6 METs) during competition. METHODS: Applanation tonometry was used to measure aortic BP, AIx and PWV in 12 endurance athletes (36±2 yr) approximately 18 hours before and 24 hours after an ULT or MAR. Plasma CRP, resting BP, and LF:HF ratio were also measured. Intensity and pacing were quantified via wrist accelerometry. RESULTS: In relation to baseline vs. 24 hour post-race, respectively, CRP was significantly (p
Author: Michael Makela
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are a growing threat to the quality of life of the population. Exercise is a frontline approach to treat and prevent cardiometabolic disease and its associated risk factors. The majority of individuals, however, are physically inactive and fail to meet weekly physical activity guidelines primarily due to time-constraints. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient method of exercise for improving physical fitness and reducing cardiometabolic risk factors compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Recent research indicates that the number of repetitions and duration of high-intensity intervals can be reduced without attenuation of health benefits. This study recruited nine physically inactive but otherwise healthy participants (6 female, 3 male) which engaged in a 6 week reduced-exertion HIIT protocol. Participants were assessed before and after a 2 week run-in period, and again upon completion of the exercise protocol to assess the effect on predicted aerobic capacity (VO2max), resting heart rate (HR), resting blood pressure, heart rate variability (HRV), fasting blood glucose, peak power, mean power, body mass, and body fat %. Participants improved predicted VO2max F(2,16)=6.33, p=.009, peak power F(2,16)=10.84, p=.001, and mean power F(2,16)=20.87, p=.00006, but no changes were observed in body mass, body fat %, resting HR, resting blood pressure, resting HRV, and fasting blood glucose. In conclusion, a reduced-exertion HIIT protocol with minimal time-commitment improved predicted VO2max, peak power, and mean power and is a time-efficient alternative or adjunct method of exercise for eliciting health benefits in physically inactive individuals.
Author: Anna Huff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 49
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Racial health disparities have been shown in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) with African Americans having a substantially greater risk compared to Caucasian Americans. One potential factor explaining racial differences in CVD may be increased levels of systemic inflammation in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Epidemiological studies have shown that CRP (a marker of systemic inflammation) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality6,7, and is higher in African Americans compared to Caucasians. In addition to the elevated CRP levels, African Americans have increased levels of obesity and lower cardiorespiratory fitness compared to Caucasians. Although results have been inconsistent in studies related to exercise interventions to improve CRP levels, many studies have had primarily Caucasian participants and/or have used different intensities of aerobic training. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise training on CRP in obese African-American men and women. METHODS: The present study was a randomized-controlled trial of 60 obese and overweight African American men and women (body mass index of 25-45 kg/m2), 35-65 years. Participants were randomized to the moderate intensity (MOD-INT; n = 20), high intensity (HIGH-INT; n = 20), or non-exercise control group (n = 20) for a 24-week intervention. The moderate intensity group participated in aerobic exercise at 50% of their VO2 max, and the high intensity group participated in aerobic exercise at 75% of their VO2 max. Participants completed a 12-hour fasted blood draw at the East Carolina Heart Institute. A venous blood sample of a total of 21 mL of blood was drawn by the study nurse pre and post exercise intervention. Blood samples were sent to a clinical laboratory (LabCorp Inc., Burlington, NC) for a complete analysis of metabolic, lipid, insulin level measures, CRP, and blood chemistries. The serum separator tube was sent to LabCorp for measurement of C-reactive protein. RESULTS: There were 11 participants in the control group, 10 participants in the moderate intensity exercise group, and 13 in the high intensity exercise group. There were no significant differences between the randomization groups for age, gender, weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, glucose, insulin, and CRP (p> 0.05). We did not observe significant change in CRP levels among study groups in the MOD or the HIT group compared to the CON in obese African-American adults (p=1.00). The association between exercisers and change in CRP and fat-mass approached a significant change (r=-0.379, p=0.07). The HIGH-INT group had a larger increase in VO2 max (ml·kg·min; L/min) (p[less-than]0.05) compared to the CON group. Also, there was a significant relationship between the CON group and MOD intensity group in estimated METs (p[less-than]0.01). Data for changes in clinical risk factors between participants based on change in CRP are shown in Table 2. There were no significant changes found in CRP for any clinical risk factors between non-responders and responders (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we observed that neither moderate or high intensity aerobic decreased systemic inflammation levels in obese African Americans. Secondly, CRP was not improved with a change in fat-mass in exercisers. Future research could allow for the analysis of both Caucasian and African Americans, allowing for a more direct comparison between the two races for the intervention variables measured. Also, it could entail an interval training aerobic group, as well as a resistance training exercise group to elucidate further comparisons in intervention variables. Lastly, future studies may want to combine dietary and exercise to potentially lower CRP to a greater extent than exercise alone.
Author: Meghan Long
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heart
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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Research has compared the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MCT) versus high intensity interval training (HIIT) in phase II cardiac rehabilitation patients. However, the results from these studies have conflicting results. Therefore, there was a need for further research on the topic. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate if HIIT leads to greater improvements in peak volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) when compared to MCT in a group of phase II cardiac rehab patients. Both exercise groups, MCT and HIIT, improved their peak VO2, 12MWT distance, resting systolic blood pressure, resting diastolic blood pressure, score of depression, score of anxiety, score of stress on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale -21, and the Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 with no significant difference in improvements between the two exercise groups. There was a statistically significant difference in improvements between the two exercise groups resting heart rate with the HIIT group improving greater than the MCT group. The results of this study suggest that HIIT can be used as an effective alternative to MCT on improving functional capacity in a group of phase II cardiac rehabilitation patients.
Author: Yishan Xie
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781361021057
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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This dissertation, "High Intensity Interval Training and Health Outcomes: a Systematic Review" by Yishan, Xie, 谢易珊, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstractofprojectentitled HighIntensityIntervalTrainingandHealthOutcomes: ASystematicReview Submittedby XIEYishan FortheDegreeofMasterofPublicHealthatTheUniversityofHongKong InAugust2015 Background Highintensityintervaltraining, orhighintensityintermittenttraining(HIIT), isregardedasa time-efficientworkouttoincreasethemaximumoxygenuptakeandhasalreadybeenappliedto thesportsworldtoimproveathletes'performance.Nowadays, theapplicationofHIITinmedicine hasalsobeenexploredandconductedinmanyclinicalsettings.Butwhetheritiseffectiveandsafe in a larger population is still uncertain. The aim of the systematic review is to assess the effectivenessandsafetyof(HITT)andexploreitsapplicationinmedicine. Methods A systematic review was conducted by searching for randomized controlled trials from 3 databases(PubMed, CochraneTrialandChinaliteraturedatabases)forthehealthoutcomesof HIITcomparedwithcontinuoustrainingindiseaseandhealthypopulationswithinanycountry. Data on pulmonary function (PImax), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximum oxygen uptake), cardiovascular fitness (in stented late luminal loss, blood pressure, left ventricular systolic diameterandleftventricularsystolicdiameter), bodycomposition(totalbodymass)andblood glucosecontrol(HOMAinsulinresistance)wereextracted.Theeffectivenessandeffectsizeof HIITandtheoveralllevelofevidencewereassessed. Results 10RCTswereincluded, withmostofthemdoneinWesterncountries(n=7).Overall,7RCTsin thereviewclearlystatedthatthereweresignificantlyhigherimprovementsonhealthoutcomesin theHIITgroupcomparedtothatofthecontrolgroup, while3RCTsdidnot.AsignificantdifferenceinVO2maxbetweentheHIITgroupandthecontrolgroupatfollowup wasfoundin1study(3.6mL/kg/min[95%CI2.0,5.2]).ThesignificantdifferenceinVOmaxat follow up was also found between the MCT group and the HIIT group (14.90.9 mL/kg/min,19.02.1 mL/kg/min, P
