Author: Mark L. Crossley
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780873897259
Category : Process control
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This is an excellent reference book for quality practitioners, providing quick reference and stand-alone topics in alphabetical order. Detailed computational steps are incorporated throughout the work along with very helpful presentations on how to use quality techniques and tools.
The Desk Reference of Statistical Quality Methods
Author: Mark L. Crossley
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780873897259
Category : Process control
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This is an excellent reference book for quality practitioners, providing quick reference and stand-alone topics in alphabetical order. Detailed computational steps are incorporated throughout the work along with very helpful presentations on how to use quality techniques and tools.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780873897259
Category : Process control
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This is an excellent reference book for quality practitioners, providing quick reference and stand-alone topics in alphabetical order. Detailed computational steps are incorporated throughout the work along with very helpful presentations on how to use quality techniques and tools.
The Desk Reference of Statistical Quality Methods
Author: Mark L. Crossley
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 0873897293
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
Arranged in alphabetical order for quick reference, this book provides the quality practitioner with a single resource that illustrates, in a practical manner, how to execute specific statistical methods frequently used in the quality sciences. Each method is presented in a stand-alone fashion and includes computational steps, application comments, and a fully illustrated brief presentation on how to use the tool or technique. A plethora of topics have been arranged in alphabetical order, ranging from acceptance sampling control charts to zone format control charts. This reference is accessible for the average quality practitioner who will need a minimal prior understanding of the techniques discussed to benefit from them. Each topic is presented in a standalone fashion with, in most cases, several examples detailing computational steps and application comments. This second edition includes new sections on advanced SPC applications, reliability applications, and Simplex Optimization. There are expansions in the sections on process capability analysis, hypothesis testing, and design of experiments.
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 0873897293
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
Arranged in alphabetical order for quick reference, this book provides the quality practitioner with a single resource that illustrates, in a practical manner, how to execute specific statistical methods frequently used in the quality sciences. Each method is presented in a stand-alone fashion and includes computational steps, application comments, and a fully illustrated brief presentation on how to use the tool or technique. A plethora of topics have been arranged in alphabetical order, ranging from acceptance sampling control charts to zone format control charts. This reference is accessible for the average quality practitioner who will need a minimal prior understanding of the techniques discussed to benefit from them. Each topic is presented in a standalone fashion with, in most cases, several examples detailing computational steps and application comments. This second edition includes new sections on advanced SPC applications, reliability applications, and Simplex Optimization. There are expansions in the sections on process capability analysis, hypothesis testing, and design of experiments.
The ASQ Certified Quality Auditor Handbook
Author: Lance B. Coleman
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 1951058100
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 417
Book Description
The value of the ASQ Certified Quality Auditor Handbook, Fifth Edition, is clear. It is designed to help new auditors gain an understanding of the field and prepare for the ASQ CQA exam. In addition, experienced auditors can refer to it as a helpful reference; audit managers and quality managers can rely on it for guiding their auditing programs; and trainers and educators can use it for teaching fundamentals. This in-depth overview of quality auditing represents auditing practices for internal and external applications. It provides practical guidance for both system and process auditors as well. Many current topics have been expanded to reflect changes in auditing practices since 2012, with guidance from the recent 2017 update of ISO 19011. In addition, readers will find example audit situations, stories, and review comments to enhance their understanding of the field. Topics covered include the common elements of all types of system and process audits (quality, environmental, safety, and health): Auditing fundamentals, including types of quality audits, purpose and scope of auditing, terms and definitions, roles and responsibilities of participants, and professional conduct The audit process, from preparation and planning, to performance and reporting, to follow-up and closure Auditor competencies, including resource management, conflict resolution, communication, interviewing, and team dynamics Audit program management and business applications, including staffing, training and development, program evaluation, organizational risk management, and best practices Quality tools and techniques, including problem-solving tools, process improvement techniques, basic statistics, verification, and validation "This book is an encyclopedia of all major bodies of information a new or experienced quality auditor would need. It covers both the qualitative and the quantitative, which is a strength. I can't think of a quality auditor that would not find this work helpful." Kim H. Pries, CRE, CQE, CSQE, CSSBB, CMQ/OE, CQA "This handbook will be helpful to those who are new to auditing or require more in-depth knowledge of the implementation of an audit program. Boxed examples or scenarios provide some of the practical challenges encountered during auditing." Govind Ramu, ASQ Fellow, Co-Author ASQ SSGB Handbook, Author ASQ CSSYB Handbook Lance B. Coleman, Sr. has over 25 years of leadership experience in the areas of quality engineering, Lean implementation, quality, and risk management in the Medical Device, Aerospace, and other regulated industries. He has presented, trained, and consulted throughout the United States and abroad. Lance is currently a Director of Quality for IDEX Health and Science, LLC, in Oak Harbor, Washington.
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 1951058100
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 417
Book Description
The value of the ASQ Certified Quality Auditor Handbook, Fifth Edition, is clear. It is designed to help new auditors gain an understanding of the field and prepare for the ASQ CQA exam. In addition, experienced auditors can refer to it as a helpful reference; audit managers and quality managers can rely on it for guiding their auditing programs; and trainers and educators can use it for teaching fundamentals. This in-depth overview of quality auditing represents auditing practices for internal and external applications. It provides practical guidance for both system and process auditors as well. Many current topics have been expanded to reflect changes in auditing practices since 2012, with guidance from the recent 2017 update of ISO 19011. In addition, readers will find example audit situations, stories, and review comments to enhance their understanding of the field. Topics covered include the common elements of all types of system and process audits (quality, environmental, safety, and health): Auditing fundamentals, including types of quality audits, purpose and scope of auditing, terms and definitions, roles and responsibilities of participants, and professional conduct The audit process, from preparation and planning, to performance and reporting, to follow-up and closure Auditor competencies, including resource management, conflict resolution, communication, interviewing, and team dynamics Audit program management and business applications, including staffing, training and development, program evaluation, organizational risk management, and best practices Quality tools and techniques, including problem-solving tools, process improvement techniques, basic statistics, verification, and validation "This book is an encyclopedia of all major bodies of information a new or experienced quality auditor would need. It covers both the qualitative and the quantitative, which is a strength. I can't think of a quality auditor that would not find this work helpful." Kim H. Pries, CRE, CQE, CSQE, CSSBB, CMQ/OE, CQA "This handbook will be helpful to those who are new to auditing or require more in-depth knowledge of the implementation of an audit program. Boxed examples or scenarios provide some of the practical challenges encountered during auditing." Govind Ramu, ASQ Fellow, Co-Author ASQ SSGB Handbook, Author ASQ CSSYB Handbook Lance B. Coleman, Sr. has over 25 years of leadership experience in the areas of quality engineering, Lean implementation, quality, and risk management in the Medical Device, Aerospace, and other regulated industries. He has presented, trained, and consulted throughout the United States and abroad. Lance is currently a Director of Quality for IDEX Health and Science, LLC, in Oak Harbor, Washington.
Glossary and Tables for Statistical Quality Control
Author:
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 1636940595
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 199
Book Description
The new edition of the best-selling reference on statistical quality control has been updated to include definitions re-written for a wider audience to grasp the meaning of technical terms. These definitions also parallel national and international standards and are categorized into sections that make it easy to identify by subject matter.Terms have been extensively cross-referenced and alphabetized in one handy reference along with a comprehensive collection of statistical tables that make it easy to access all of the information needed for statistical calculation. New items added to this edition include a guide for control chart selection and g and h control charts. Basic statistical measures and equation examples make this an outstanding resource for every quality professional as well as a great resource for preparing for the Certified Quality Engineer, Certified Mechanical Inspector, and Certified Quality Technician's exams.
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 1636940595
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 199
Book Description
The new edition of the best-selling reference on statistical quality control has been updated to include definitions re-written for a wider audience to grasp the meaning of technical terms. These definitions also parallel national and international standards and are categorized into sections that make it easy to identify by subject matter.Terms have been extensively cross-referenced and alphabetized in one handy reference along with a comprehensive collection of statistical tables that make it easy to access all of the information needed for statistical calculation. New items added to this edition include a guide for control chart selection and g and h control charts. Basic statistical measures and equation examples make this an outstanding resource for every quality professional as well as a great resource for preparing for the Certified Quality Engineer, Certified Mechanical Inspector, and Certified Quality Technician's exams.
Process Capability Analysis
Author: Neil W. Polhemus
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315405725
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Book Description
Process Capability Analysis: Estimating Quality presents a systematic exploration of process capability analysis and how it may be used to estimate quality. The book is designed for practitioners who are tasked with insuring a high level of quality for the products and services offered by their organizations. Along with describing the necessary statistical theory, the book illustrates the practical application of the techniques to data that do not always satisfy the standard assumptions. The first two chapters deal with attribute data, where the estimation of quality is restricted to counts of nonconformities. Both classical and Bayesian methods are discussed. The rest of the book deals with variable data, including extensive discussions of both capability indices and statistical tolerance limits. Considerable emphasis is placed on methods for handling non-normal data. Also included are discussions of topics often omitted in discussions of process capability, including multivariate capability indices, multivariate tolerance limits, and capability control charts. A separate chapter deals with the problem of determining adequate sample sizes for estimating process capability. Features: Comprehensive treatment of the subject with consistent theme of estimating percent of nonconforming product or service. Includes Bayesian methods. Extension of univariate techniques to multivariate data. Demonstration of all techniques using Statgraphics data analysis software. Neil Polhemus is Chief Technology Officer at Statgraphics Technology and the original developer of the Statgraphics program for statistical analysis and data visualization. Dr. Polhemus spent 6 years on the faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at Princeton University before moving full-time to software development and consulting. He has taught courses dealing with statistical process control, design of experiments and data analysis for more than 100 companies and government agencies.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315405725
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Book Description
Process Capability Analysis: Estimating Quality presents a systematic exploration of process capability analysis and how it may be used to estimate quality. The book is designed for practitioners who are tasked with insuring a high level of quality for the products and services offered by their organizations. Along with describing the necessary statistical theory, the book illustrates the practical application of the techniques to data that do not always satisfy the standard assumptions. The first two chapters deal with attribute data, where the estimation of quality is restricted to counts of nonconformities. Both classical and Bayesian methods are discussed. The rest of the book deals with variable data, including extensive discussions of both capability indices and statistical tolerance limits. Considerable emphasis is placed on methods for handling non-normal data. Also included are discussions of topics often omitted in discussions of process capability, including multivariate capability indices, multivariate tolerance limits, and capability control charts. A separate chapter deals with the problem of determining adequate sample sizes for estimating process capability. Features: Comprehensive treatment of the subject with consistent theme of estimating percent of nonconforming product or service. Includes Bayesian methods. Extension of univariate techniques to multivariate data. Demonstration of all techniques using Statgraphics data analysis software. Neil Polhemus is Chief Technology Officer at Statgraphics Technology and the original developer of the Statgraphics program for statistical analysis and data visualization. Dr. Polhemus spent 6 years on the faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at Princeton University before moving full-time to software development and consulting. He has taught courses dealing with statistical process control, design of experiments and data analysis for more than 100 companies and government agencies.
The Certified Six Sigma Master Black Belt Handbook
Author: T.M. Kubiak
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 1953079024
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 727
Book Description
Organizations are continuously trying to improve by reducing cost, increasing customer satisfaction, and creating an environment of empowered employees who continuously strive for excellence in each process and product. In much the same way, governments are continuously required to do “more with less,” enhance budget and organizational performance, and identify innovative ways to increase their impact. There are challenges to applying the Lean-Six Sigma (LSS) tools in the public sector. Examples of these challenges include hierarchical environments, a lack of common goals, and the complexity of working in the public sector. The information included as part of this book provides over 30 spotlights highlighting project examples, lessons learned, and tips and tricks for using LSS in the public sector. These spotlights are based on interviews facilitated with a robust sampling of senior operations strategy practitioners. The LSS methodology focuses on eliminating waste (lean) and then reducing variation (Six Sigma) in a process or product that contains no waste. The information covered in this book will allow someone to have an immediate impact in any public sector organization. It describes some of the most powerful continuous process improvement tools that can be used, with limited training required. This is further enhanced by showing direct correlations to the LSS tools and the challenges that will be faced. Because the public sector spans such a diverse range of organizational charters (such as transportation, education, and defense), this book does not focus solely on either manufacturing or services. Rather, it provides a balanced approach to utilizing LSS in all environments.
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 1953079024
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 727
Book Description
Organizations are continuously trying to improve by reducing cost, increasing customer satisfaction, and creating an environment of empowered employees who continuously strive for excellence in each process and product. In much the same way, governments are continuously required to do “more with less,” enhance budget and organizational performance, and identify innovative ways to increase their impact. There are challenges to applying the Lean-Six Sigma (LSS) tools in the public sector. Examples of these challenges include hierarchical environments, a lack of common goals, and the complexity of working in the public sector. The information included as part of this book provides over 30 spotlights highlighting project examples, lessons learned, and tips and tricks for using LSS in the public sector. These spotlights are based on interviews facilitated with a robust sampling of senior operations strategy practitioners. The LSS methodology focuses on eliminating waste (lean) and then reducing variation (Six Sigma) in a process or product that contains no waste. The information covered in this book will allow someone to have an immediate impact in any public sector organization. It describes some of the most powerful continuous process improvement tools that can be used, with limited training required. This is further enhanced by showing direct correlations to the LSS tools and the challenges that will be faced. Because the public sector spans such a diverse range of organizational charters (such as transportation, education, and defense), this book does not focus solely on either manufacturing or services. Rather, it provides a balanced approach to utilizing LSS in all environments.
Statistical Process Control
Author: John S. Oakland
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0750669624
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 474
Book Description
Statistical process control is a tool which enables both manufacturers and suppliers to achieve control of product quality by applying statistical methods to controlling processes. This guide provides an introduction to the concept.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0750669624
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 474
Book Description
Statistical process control is a tool which enables both manufacturers and suppliers to achieve control of product quality by applying statistical methods to controlling processes. This guide provides an introduction to the concept.
Statistical Process Control
Author: John Oakland
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351662686
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 447
Book Description
The business, commercial and public-sector world has changed dramatically since John Oakland wrote the first edition of Statistical Process Control – a practical guide in the mid-eighties. Then people were rediscovering statistical methods of ‘quality control’ and the book responded to an often desperate need to find out about the techniques and use them on data. Pressure over time from organizations supplying directly to the consumer, typically in the automotive and high technology sectors, forced those in charge of the supplying production and service operations to think more about preventing problems than how to find and fix them. Subsequent editions retained the ‘took kit’ approach of the first but included some of the ‘philosophy’ behind the techniques and their use. The theme which runs throughout the 7th edition is still processes - that require understanding, have variation, must be properly controlled, have a capability, and need improvement - the five sections of this new edition. SPC never has been and never will be simply a ‘took kit’ and in this book the authors provide, not only the instructional guide for the tools, but communicate the management practices which have become so vital to success in organizations throughout the world. The book is supported by the authors' extensive and latest consulting work within thousands of organisations worldwide. Fully updated to include real-life case studies, new research based on client work from an array of industries, and integration with the latest computer methods and Minitab software, the book also retains its valued textbook quality through clear learning objectives and end of chapter discussion questions. It can still serve as a textbook for both student and practicing engineers, scientists, technologists, managers and for anyone wishing to understand or implement modern statistical process control techniques.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351662686
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 447
Book Description
The business, commercial and public-sector world has changed dramatically since John Oakland wrote the first edition of Statistical Process Control – a practical guide in the mid-eighties. Then people were rediscovering statistical methods of ‘quality control’ and the book responded to an often desperate need to find out about the techniques and use them on data. Pressure over time from organizations supplying directly to the consumer, typically in the automotive and high technology sectors, forced those in charge of the supplying production and service operations to think more about preventing problems than how to find and fix them. Subsequent editions retained the ‘took kit’ approach of the first but included some of the ‘philosophy’ behind the techniques and their use. The theme which runs throughout the 7th edition is still processes - that require understanding, have variation, must be properly controlled, have a capability, and need improvement - the five sections of this new edition. SPC never has been and never will be simply a ‘took kit’ and in this book the authors provide, not only the instructional guide for the tools, but communicate the management practices which have become so vital to success in organizations throughout the world. The book is supported by the authors' extensive and latest consulting work within thousands of organisations worldwide. Fully updated to include real-life case studies, new research based on client work from an array of industries, and integration with the latest computer methods and Minitab software, the book also retains its valued textbook quality through clear learning objectives and end of chapter discussion questions. It can still serve as a textbook for both student and practicing engineers, scientists, technologists, managers and for anyone wishing to understand or implement modern statistical process control techniques.
Statistical Engineering
Author: Stefan H. Steiner
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 0873891368
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 717
Book Description
Reducing the variation in process outputs is a key part of process improvement. For mass produced components and assemblies, reducing variation can simultaneously reduce overall cost, improve function and increase customer satisfaction with the product. The authors have structured this book around an algorithm for reducing process variation that they call "Statistical Engineering." The algorithm is designed to solve chronic problems on existing high to medium volume manufacturing and assembly processes. The fundamental basis for the algorithm is the belief that we will discover cost effective changes to the process that will reduce variation if we increase our knowledge of how and why a process behaves as it does. A key way to increase process knowledge is to learn empirically, that is, to learn by observation and experimentation. The authors discuss in detail a framework for planning and analyzing empirical investigations, known by its acronym QPDAC (Question, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion). They classify all effective ways to reduce variation into seven approaches. A unique aspect of the algorithm forces early consideration of the feasibility of each of the approaches. Also includes case studies, chapter exercises, chapter supplements, and six appendices. PRAISE FOR Statistical Engineering "I found this book uniquely refreshing. Don't let the title fool you. The methods described in this book are statistically sound but require very little statistics. If you have ever wanted to solve a problem with statistical certainty (without being a statistician) then this book is for you. - A reader in Dayton, OH "This is the most comprehensive treatment of variation reduction methods and insights I’ve ever seen."- Gary M. Hazard Tellabs "Throughout the text emphasis has been placed on teamwork, fixing the obvious before jumping to advanced studies, and cost of implementation. All this makes the manuscript !attractive for real-life application of complex techniques." - Guru Chadhabr Comcast IP Services COMMENTS FROM OTHER CUSTOMERS Average Customer Rating (5 of 5 based on 1 review) "This is NOT a typical book on statistical tools. It is a strategy book on how to search for cost-effective changes to reduce variation using empirical means (i.e. observation and experiment). The uniqueness of this book: Summarizes the seven ways to reduce variation so we know the goal of the data gathering and analysis, present analysis results using graphs instead of P-value, and integrates Taguchi, Shainin methods, and classical statistical approach. It is a must read for those who are in the business of reducing variation using data, in particular for the Six Sigma Black Belts and Master Black Belts. Don't forget to read the solutions to exercises and supplementary materials to each chapter on the enclosed CD-ROM." - A. Wong, Canada
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 0873891368
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 717
Book Description
Reducing the variation in process outputs is a key part of process improvement. For mass produced components and assemblies, reducing variation can simultaneously reduce overall cost, improve function and increase customer satisfaction with the product. The authors have structured this book around an algorithm for reducing process variation that they call "Statistical Engineering." The algorithm is designed to solve chronic problems on existing high to medium volume manufacturing and assembly processes. The fundamental basis for the algorithm is the belief that we will discover cost effective changes to the process that will reduce variation if we increase our knowledge of how and why a process behaves as it does. A key way to increase process knowledge is to learn empirically, that is, to learn by observation and experimentation. The authors discuss in detail a framework for planning and analyzing empirical investigations, known by its acronym QPDAC (Question, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion). They classify all effective ways to reduce variation into seven approaches. A unique aspect of the algorithm forces early consideration of the feasibility of each of the approaches. Also includes case studies, chapter exercises, chapter supplements, and six appendices. PRAISE FOR Statistical Engineering "I found this book uniquely refreshing. Don't let the title fool you. The methods described in this book are statistically sound but require very little statistics. If you have ever wanted to solve a problem with statistical certainty (without being a statistician) then this book is for you. - A reader in Dayton, OH "This is the most comprehensive treatment of variation reduction methods and insights I’ve ever seen."- Gary M. Hazard Tellabs "Throughout the text emphasis has been placed on teamwork, fixing the obvious before jumping to advanced studies, and cost of implementation. All this makes the manuscript !attractive for real-life application of complex techniques." - Guru Chadhabr Comcast IP Services COMMENTS FROM OTHER CUSTOMERS Average Customer Rating (5 of 5 based on 1 review) "This is NOT a typical book on statistical tools. It is a strategy book on how to search for cost-effective changes to reduce variation using empirical means (i.e. observation and experiment). The uniqueness of this book: Summarizes the seven ways to reduce variation so we know the goal of the data gathering and analysis, present analysis results using graphs instead of P-value, and integrates Taguchi, Shainin methods, and classical statistical approach. It is a must read for those who are in the business of reducing variation using data, in particular for the Six Sigma Black Belts and Master Black Belts. Don't forget to read the solutions to exercises and supplementary materials to each chapter on the enclosed CD-ROM." - A. Wong, Canada
SPC for Right-Brain Thinkers
Author: Lon Roberts
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 0873891279
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 125
Book Description
SPC for Right-Brain Thinkers is not simply another made-easy book on the subject of statistical process control (SPC). The guiding principle in writing this book was to make SPC accessible to that large group of individuals who would readily characterize themselves as right-brain thinkers. The challenge that right-brained thinkers face in understanding and applying SPC goes beyond the math; it is also a matter of approaching the subject from a different perspective altogether—--through the side door, if you will, where the inner workings of SPC may be seen in action. The book is also intended to serve the information needs of those who either own or work within the job processes wherein SPC is applied. Since right-brain thinkers are often inclined to gravitate to service-oriented jobs, the examples used in this book demonstrate the use of SPC in a service organization: a pseudo law firm called Advocate General. These examples demonstrate the basic principles of SPC in way that can be adapted to any situation. This is a book for those who: are inclined to label themselves as right-brain thinkers; are intimidated by math, possibly even the mere mention of something as ominous-sounding as statistical process control; and/or need only a basic understanding of SPC, perhaps from a systems perspective or as a potential user of an SPC tracking system.
Publisher: Quality Press
ISBN: 0873891279
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 125
Book Description
SPC for Right-Brain Thinkers is not simply another made-easy book on the subject of statistical process control (SPC). The guiding principle in writing this book was to make SPC accessible to that large group of individuals who would readily characterize themselves as right-brain thinkers. The challenge that right-brained thinkers face in understanding and applying SPC goes beyond the math; it is also a matter of approaching the subject from a different perspective altogether—--through the side door, if you will, where the inner workings of SPC may be seen in action. The book is also intended to serve the information needs of those who either own or work within the job processes wherein SPC is applied. Since right-brain thinkers are often inclined to gravitate to service-oriented jobs, the examples used in this book demonstrate the use of SPC in a service organization: a pseudo law firm called Advocate General. These examples demonstrate the basic principles of SPC in way that can be adapted to any situation. This is a book for those who: are inclined to label themselves as right-brain thinkers; are intimidated by math, possibly even the mere mention of something as ominous-sounding as statistical process control; and/or need only a basic understanding of SPC, perhaps from a systems perspective or as a potential user of an SPC tracking system.