Author: Margarita Christen
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3668606447
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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Book Description
Master's Thesis from the year 2017 in the subject Medicine - Pharmacology, Pharmacy, grade: 70, University of Hertfordshire, language: English, abstract: Some years after the first use of penicillin, resistant bacteria emerged. The phenomenon of resistance has continued to show up similarly for almost every marketed antibiotic product, endangering the safety of humans, animals and the environment. This major threat has been proven to have a worldwide impact. In response, national action plans must be implemented following "anti-resistance" guidance: WHO’s Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (GAP-AMR) in collaboration with FAO and OIE. These plans are to be adopted by 2017, aiding the protection of antibiotic medicines adhering to the approach of One Health. The aim of the current study was to review the process of such adoptions in the EU and US, understand its practicality, challenges and any out of scope issues.With the use of a phenomenological approach, this qualitative study found that thanks to the general population’s increment in knowledge and awareness, collaboration and engagement grew stronger, especially among policy makers and pharmaceutical companies, but also healthcare leaders and providers, physicians and veterinarians, and patients. When trying to discover new antibiotic drugs, serendipity is not an option, therefore, companies must be incentivised to increase their antibiotic pipelines. During the analysis of the inclusion of the plans, a paradox appeared: due to the reduced use of antibiotics, it is difficult to motivate drug developers to increase research in new medicines and alternative forms of treatment. The research concluded, that legislation must be focused on supporting changes that will ease entry of antibiotics to the market (i.e. with a congruent regulatory pathway and/or with financial support of governments) to allow a practical inclusion of the national plans.
Author: Euzebiusz Jamrozik
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030278762
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
This Open Access volume provides in-depth analysis of the wide range of ethical issues associated with drug-resistant infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognized to be one of the greatest threats to global public health in coming decades; and it has thus become a major topic of discussion among leading bioethicists and scholars from related disciplines including economics, epidemiology, law, and political theory. Topics covered in this volume include responsible use of antimicrobials; control of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections; privacy and data collection; antibiotic use in childhood and at the end of life; agricultural and veterinary sources of resistance; resistant HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria; mandatory treatment; and trade-offs between current and future generations. As the first book focused on ethical issues associated with drug resistance, it makes a timely contribution to debates regarding practice and policy that are of crucial importance to global public health in the 21st century.
Author: Aníbal de J. Sosa
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387893709
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 553
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Book Description
Avoiding infection has always been expensive. Some human populations escaped tropical infections by migrating into cold climates but then had to procure fuel, warm clothing, durable housing, and crops from a short growing season. Waterborne infections were averted by owning your own well or supporting a community reservoir. Everyone got vaccines in rich countries, while people in others got them later if at all. Antimicrobial agents seemed at first to be an exception. They did not need to be delivered through a cold chain and to everyone, as vaccines did. They had to be given only to infected patients and often then as relatively cheap injectables or pills off a shelf for only a few days to get astonishing cures. Antimicrobials not only were better than most other innovations but also reached more of the world’s people sooner. The problem appeared later. After each new antimicrobial became widely used, genes expressing resistance to it began to emerge and spread through bacterial populations. Patients infected with bacteria expressing such resistance genes then failed treatment and remained infected or died. Growing resistance to antimicrobial agents began to take away more and more of the cures that the agents had brought.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309259363
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 418
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Book Description
Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation's food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation's food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops.
Author: National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309269452
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, published in 2014, sets out a plan for government work to mitigate the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Direction on the implementation of this strategy is provided in five-year national action plans, the first covering 2015 to 2020, and the second covering 2020 to 2025. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine evaluates progress made against the national strategy. This report discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections and estimate the risk to human health from environmental sources of resistance. In addition, the report considers the effect of agricultural practices on human and animal health and animal welfare and ways these practices could be improved, and advises on key drugs and diseases for which animal-specific test breakpoints are needed.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309675332
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 179
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Book Description
On December 4â€"5, 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 1.5-day public workshop titled Exploring the Frontiers of Innovation to Tackle Microbial Threats. The workshop participants examined major advances in scientific, technological, and social innovations against microbial threats. Such innovations include diagnostics, vaccines (both development and production), and antimicrobials, as well as nonpharmaceutical interventions and changes in surveillance. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Author: Jun Lin
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889195260
Category : Antibiotics
Languages : en
Pages : 226
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Book Description
Antibiotics represent one of the most successful forms of therapy in medicine. But the efficiency of antibiotics is compromised by the growing number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Antibiotic resistance, which is implicated in elevated morbidity and mortality rates as well as in the increased treatment costs, is considered to be one of the major global public health threats (www.who.int/drugresistance/en/) and the magnitude of the problem recently prompted a number of international and national bodies to take actions to protect the public (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/docs/road-map-amr_en.pdf: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/amr_global_action_plan/en/; http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/carb_national_strategy.pdf). Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria successfully defend themselves against the antibiotic assault represent the main theme of this eBook published as a Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology, section of Antimicrobials, Resistance, and Chemotherapy. The articles in the eBook update the reader on various aspects and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. A better understanding of these mechanisms should facilitate the development of means to potentiate the efficacy and increase the lifespan of antibiotics while minimizing the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens.
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789241564748
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Summary report published as technical document with reference number: WHO/HSE/PED/AIP/2014.2.
Author: Michael Anderson
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108799450
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Book Description
An accessible overview of the challenges in tackling AMR, and the economic and policy responses of the 'One Health' approach. It will appeal to policy-makers seeking to strengthen national and local polices tackling AMR, as well as students and academics who want an overview of the latest scientific evidence regarding effective AMR policies.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309180686
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 102
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Book Description
Humans coexist with millions of harmless microorganisms, but emerging diseases, resistance to antibiotics, and the threat of bioterrorism are forcing scientists to look for new ways to confront the microbes that do pose a danger. This report identifies innovative approaches to the development of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines based on a greater understanding of how the human immune system interacts with both good and bad microbes. The report concludes that the development of a single superdrug to fight all infectious agents is unrealistic.
