Technology Development for the Accelerator Production of Tritium PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 4
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The ED and D described in this report provide technical data on the performance of all critical components of the APT facility. Results are compared with requirements given. This data will be utilized to establish confidence in the design, in the predicted plant availability, and to reduce cost when the data warrants design simplification. Thus, if at a later date it is decided to build the APT plant, this will allow the facility to be built correctly the first time, on schedule, without recourse to costly over-design. It should also speed the commissioning process and ensure that full capacity production is attained on schedule. The planning process used to develop the elements of the CTP has been described. This program is expected to provide the needed data within the projected schedule and resources. Specific schedules for delivery of data and descriptions of the needed data are contained in the Design Data Needs. The total cost of the ED and D program is on the order of 10% of the project cost and is considered a very good investment. The CTP will be judged a success when the data produced warrants design simplifications that allow reduction of design margins and cost. Present day contingency estimates for the project greatly exceed 10% and it is expected that CTP data will warrant reduction of those contingencies by more than the cost of data production. Even results that do not simplify the design or reduce cost are considered very important and successful if they firmly establish performance, so that the design is validated and the cost certified within the existing contingencies. Nevertheless, there is technical risk in some APT components that warrant careful attention. It is to be expected that some results could be disappointing and may require design changes that increase cost moderately beyond the existing contingencies or cause moderate schedule slips.
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Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
The ED and D described in this report provide technical data on the performance of all critical components of the APT facility. Results are compared with requirements given. This data will be utilized to establish confidence in the design, in the predicted plant availability, and to reduce cost when the data warrants design simplification. Thus, if at a later date it is decided to build the APT plant, this will allow the facility to be built correctly the first time, on schedule, without recourse to costly over-design. It should also speed the commissioning process and ensure that full capacity production is attained on schedule. The planning process used to develop the elements of the CTP has been described. This program is expected to provide the needed data within the projected schedule and resources. Specific schedules for delivery of data and descriptions of the needed data are contained in the Design Data Needs. The total cost of the ED and D program is on the order of 10% of the project cost and is considered a very good investment. The CTP will be judged a success when the data produced warrants design simplifications that allow reduction of design margins and cost. Present day contingency estimates for the project greatly exceed 10% and it is expected that CTP data will warrant reduction of those contingencies by more than the cost of data production. Even results that do not simplify the design or reduce cost are considered very important and successful if they firmly establish performance, so that the design is validated and the cost certified within the existing contingencies. Nevertheless, there is technical risk in some APT components that warrant careful attention. It is to be expected that some results could be disappointing and may require design changes that increase cost moderately beyond the existing contingencies or cause moderate schedule slips.
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
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ISBN:
Category : Particle accelerators
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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One of the early and most dramatic uses of nuclear transformations was in development of the nuclear weapons that brought World War II to an end. Despite that difficult introduction, nuclear weapons technology has been used largely as a deterrent to war throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. The Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) offers a clean, safe, and reliable means of producing the tritium (a heavy form of hydrogen) needed to maintain the nuclear deterrent. Tritium decays away naturally at a rate of about 5.5% per year; therefore, the tritium reservoirs in nuclear weapons must be periodically replenished. In recent years this has been accomplished by recycling tritium from weapons being retired from the stockpile. Although this strategy has served well since the last US tritium production reactor was shut down in 1988, a new tritium production capability will be required within ten years. Some benefits will result from direct utilization of some of the APT proton beam; others could result from advances in the technologies of particle accelerators and high power spallation targets. The APT may save thousands of lives through the production of medical isotopes, and it may contribute to solving the nation's problem in disposing of long-lived nuclear wastes. But the most significant benefit may come from advancing the technology, so that the great potential of accelerator applications can be realized during our lifetimes.
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Languages : en
Pages : 6
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The Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) offers a clean, safe, and reliable means of producing the tritium needed to maintain the nuclear deterrent. Tritium decays away naturally at a rate of about 5.5% per year; therefore, the tritium reservoirs in nuclear weapons must be periodically replenished. In recent years this has been accomplished by recycling tritium from weapons being retired from the stockpile. Although this strategy has served well since the last US tritium production reactor was shut down in 1988, a new tritium production capability will be required within ten years. Important technology benefits will result from direct utilization of some of the APT proton beam; others could result from advances in the technologies of particle accelerators and high power spallation targets. This report addresses those technology benefits.
Author: United States Accounting Office (GAO)
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781718969575
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Nuclear Science: Accelerator Technology for Tritium Production Needs Further Study
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Tritium is a radioactive material used in nuclear weapons that, because of its relatively rapid rate of decay, has to be periodically replenished to maintain the effectiveness of the weapons. DOE is responsible for producing tritium and historically has done so using nuclear reactors. However, the reactors used in the past have experienced aging and safety problems and have been shut down since 1988 for repairs. Because of future uncertainties in the use of these reactors, ERAB, at the request of DOE, in 1988 assessed various reactor technologies for tritium production. As a result, DOE began to pursue a program to design and construct two new tritium production reactors. However, in February 1991 the Secretary of Energy stated that only one reactor would initially be constructed because of budget constraints. DOE plans to announce the selection of the reactor technology and the location in December 1991. jg.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen with a half life of 12.3 years. Because it is essential for US thermonuclear weapons to function, tritium must be periodically replenished. Since K reactor at Savannah River Site stopped operating in 1988, tritium has been recycled from dismantled nuclear weapons. This process is possible only as long as many weapons are being retired. Maintaining the stockpile at the level called for in the present Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I) will require the Department of Energy to have an operational tritium production capability in the 2005--2007 time frame. To make the required amount of tritium using an accelerator based system (APT), neutrons will be produced through high energy proton reactions with tungsten and lead. Those neutrons will be moderated and captured in 3He to make tritium. The APT plant design will use a 1,700 MeV linear accelerator operated at 100 mA. In preparation for engineering design, starting in October 1997 and subsequent construction, a program of engineering development and demonstration is underway. That work includes assembly and testing of the first 20 MeV of the low energy plant linac at 100 mA, high-energy linac accelerating structure prototyping, radiofrequency power system improvements, neutronic efficiency measurements, and materials qualifications.
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Languages : en
Pages :
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Regular replenishment of tritium in the nuclear weapons stockpile is essential to maintain our nuclear deterrent. Nuclear reactor facilities presently used for the production of tritium are aging, and their operation is being curtailed awaiting the repairs and upgrades needed to meet modern standards of safety and environment. To provide improved capability in the future, DOE plans to construct a new production reactor. Alternatives to nuclear reactor methods for the production of tritium, mainly electrically-driven accelerator or fusion systems, have been proposed many times in the past. Given the critical national security implications of maintaining adequate tritium production facilities, it is clearly worthwhile for political decision-makers to have a clear and accurate picture of the technical options that could be made available at various points in the future. The goal of this white paper is to summarize available technical information on a set of non-nuclear-reactor options for tritium production with a minimum of advocacy for any one system of implicit assumptions about politically desirable attributes. Indeed, these various options differ considerably in aspects such as the maturity of the technology, the development cost and timescales required, and the capital and operating costs of a typical ''optimized'' facility.
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Particle accelerators
Languages : en
Pages : 21
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Author: 375 Wikipedians
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781480212077
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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This book is a faithful reproduction of the Wikipedia article "VJing", based upon the revision of July 25th 2010, last edited by 77.12.27.96. This book was produced as a physical outcome of the "wiki-sprint", a collaborative writing workshop that was held in May 2010 in the frame of Mapping Festival, Geneva.
