Source Effects on Surface Waves from Nevada Test Site Explosions PDF Download
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Languages : en
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Surface waves recorded on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) digital network have been used to study five underground nuclear explosions detonated in Yucca Valley at the Nevada Test Site. The purpose of this study is to characterize the reduced displacement potential (RDP) at low frequencies and to test secondary source models of underground explosions. The observations consist of Rayleigh- and Love-wave amplitude and phase spectra in the frequency range 0.03 to 0.16 Hz. We have found that Rayleigh-wave spectral amplitudes are modeled well by a RDP with little or no overshoot for explosions detonated in alluvium and tuff. On the basis of comparisons between observed and predicted source phase, the spall closure source proposed by Viecelli does not appear to be a significant source of Rayleigh waves that reach the far field. We tested two other secondary source models, the strike-slip, tectonic strain release model proposed by Toksoez and Kehrer and the dip-slip thrust model of Masse. The surface-wave observations do not provide sufficient information to discriminate between these models at the low F-values (0.2 to 0.8) obtained for these explosions. In the case of the strike-slip model, the principal stress axes inferred from the fault slip angle and strike angle are in good agreement with the regional tectonic stress field for all but one explosion, Nessel. The results of the Nessel explosion suggest a mechanism other than tectonic strain release.
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Languages : en
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Book Description
Surface waves recorded on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) digital network have been used to study five underground nuclear explosions detonated in Yucca Valley at the Nevada Test Site. The purpose of this study is to characterize the reduced displacement potential (RDP) at low frequencies and to test secondary source models of underground explosions. The observations consist of Rayleigh- and Love-wave amplitude and phase spectra in the frequency range 0.03 to 0.16 Hz. We have found that Rayleigh-wave spectral amplitudes are modeled well by a RDP with little or no overshoot for explosions detonated in alluvium and tuff. On the basis of comparisons between observed and predicted source phase, the spall closure source proposed by Viecelli does not appear to be a significant source of Rayleigh waves that reach the far field. We tested two other secondary source models, the strike-slip, tectonic strain release model proposed by Toksoez and Kehrer and the dip-slip thrust model of Masse. The surface-wave observations do not provide sufficient information to discriminate between these models at the low F-values (0.2 to 0.8) obtained for these explosions. In the case of the strike-slip model, the principal stress axes inferred from the fault slip angle and strike angle are in good agreement with the regional tectonic stress field for all but one explosion, Nessel. The results of the Nessel explosion suggest a mechanism other than tectonic strain release.
Author: H. J. Patton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Seismic waves
Languages : en
Pages : 66
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Author: William Alan Peppin
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 442
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Author: Bradley B. Woods
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Seismic moments of Nevada Test Site (NTS) explosions were determined from regional surface wave spectra. Two methods were used. In one the moment is solved for assuming only an explosive source, or average scalar moment; in the other a joint inversion for an isotropic (explosive) source plus a constrained double couple moment component representing tectonic strain release (TSR). Although the general moment tensor solution to this joint inversion problem is non-unique, if some assumptions are made concerning the non-isotropic moment components, then the remaining source parameters can be solved by a linear least-squares inversion scheme. We examined the errors in determining the isotropic moment component (M sub I) by this latter method of constrained linear inversion solutions in a canonical study using a theoretical network of long-period (6-60 sec.) surface wave data. The network azimuthal coverage was chosen to represent that of a long-period North American super-network of 55 stations used for the actual NTS events. We compared these errors in moment estimate to those obtained from surface wave magnitude (M sub s) and spectral scalar moment (M sub 0) measurements for the same surface wave observations. For a ratio of M sub expl/M sub eq less than 1.0 we found that the inverted M sub I solution is a much better estimate of the actual isotropic moment than either M sub s or M sub O, and the standard deviation in this estimate is substantially less than that using the other two methods for the great majority of isotropic source + double couple sources. Even when the inversion constraints are off in dip and rake each by 30 deg, the mis-estimate of the isotropic moment is less than 35 percent of the actual value.
Author: K. K. Nakanishi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Blast effect
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Author: Bradley B. Woods
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Earthquake hazard analysis
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Seismic surface-wave generation by underground nuclear explosions releasing tectonic strain is studied through a series of synthetic radiation-pattern calculations based on the earthquake-trigger model. From amplitude and phase radiation patterns for 20-s Rayleigh waves, inferences are made about effects on surface-wave magnitude, M/sub s/, and waveform character. The focus of this study is a comparison between two mechanisms of tectonic strain release: strike-slip motion on vertical faults and thrust motion on 45° dipping faults. The results of our calculations show that Rayleigh-wave amplitudes of the dip-slip model at F values between 0.75 and 1.5 are significantly lower than amplitudes of the strike-slip model or of the explosion source alone. This effect translates into M/sub s/ values about 0.5 units lower than M/sub s/ of the explosion alone. Waveform polarity reversals occur in two of four azimuthal quadrants for the strike-slip model and in all azimuths of the dip-slip-thrust model for F values above about 3. A cursory examination of waveforms from presumed explosions in eastern Kazakhstan suggests that releases of tectonic strain are accompanying the detonation of many of these explosions. Qualitatively, the observations seem to favor the dip-slip-thrust model, which, in the case of a few explosions, must have F values above 3.
Author: William A. Peppin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 29
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Broadband data (.02 to 20 Hz) from the University of California Lawrence Livermore Laboratory four-station seismic array, deployed at close range (less than 500 km) azimuthally about Nevada Test Site (NTS), allow investigation of the body wave-surface wave discriminant between explosion and earthquakes for small events confined to NTS, extending previous results to magnitudes around 3.5. It is found that natural earthquakes, explosion collapses, and explosion aftershocks all are distinct from explosions, and that the populations do not seem to converge at the low magnitudes. Also, for explosions, there is no change in the slope of the Pn versus Rayleigh wave amplitude relation over more than three orders of magnitude. Since the non-explosion events are shallow, of low magnitude, and of different source types, differences in source dimension, focal depth, and focal mechanism appear inadequate to explain the discriminant at small magnitudes (Author).
Author: Ola Dahlman
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Regional seismic records for eleven underground nuclear explosions were processed and analyzed (empirically) in a search for source and path related patterns in the signals. These nuclear tests were conducted between August, 1979 and April, 1980; all were located in Yucca Flat at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The seismic signals generated by these explosions were recorded on the LLNL four-station network, located at distances of 200 to 400 km from the NTS. Amplitudes were measured for consistently recorded vertical component body waves, and for vertical and transverse components of surface waves. Correlation between phase amplitudes was statistically determined, and amplitude ratios were compared for four stations for the same event, and at a single station for the complete set of events. Previous studies have shown that certain amplitude ratios are relatively unaffected by the size of the explosion but sensitive to propagation effects. For this set of events, we do not find a statistically significant change in the ratio of Pg:Lg due to different propagation paths to the four stations. We do, however, find increased variability in the amplitude measurements for the smaller events in the population considered in this study.
