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Author: Stanzin Passang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031576926
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
Author: Stanzin Passang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031576926
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
Author: Oddbjørn Bruland
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
Arctic snow cover is important to life on Earth from the microscale soil microarthropod population, to reindeer at the local scale and even the global scale through its impact on the global climate.There is a consensus that global warming will be enhanced towards the Arctic. This will influence the hydrology and snow cover in these regions, which in turn will provide a feedback to climate. There is still a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts to polar hydrology and snow cover; the gaps are even larger with respect to feedback mechanisms. The objective of this study has been to improve the understanding and description of the dynamic processes of an Arctic snow cover. Here, the Arctic climate is studied from the first snow fall to the end of ablation in a series of nine publications grouped into three topics: "Snow Distribution", "Snowmelt and Energy Balance" and "Measurement Methods". The research is based on measurements and observations of climate, snow properties and snow distribution during the period 1992 to 2000 on the tundra in the vicinity of Ny-Alesund at 78°55'N, 11°56'E Svalbard, Norway. Improvement of existing snowmelt models has been achieved by the implementation of energy balance calculations and improved description of the snow cover. Ground Penetrating Radar systems as a tool for snow surveying have been improved and used to measure and describe snow distributions over large areas. A snow drift model (SnowTran-3D) has been successfully tested for different scales and toaging and melting.
Author: Boris Petrovich Veĭnberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Book Description
Author: Keith Newton Musselman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
In-situ measurements and numerical models were used to quantify and improve understanding of the processes governing snowpack dynamics in mountainous terrain. Three studies were conducted in Sequoia National Park in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. The first two studies evaluated and simulated the variability of observed melt rates at the point-scale in a mixed conifer forest. The third study evaluated the accuracy of a distributed snow model run over 1800 km2; a 3600 m elevation gradient that includes ecosystems ranging from semi-arid grasslands to massive sequoia stands to alpine tundra. In the first study, a network of 24 automated snow depth sensors and repeated monthly snow density surveys in a conifer forest were used to measure snow ablation rates for three years. A model was developed to estimate the direct beam solar radiation beneath the forest canopy from upward-looking hemispherical photos and above-canopy measurements. Sub-canopy solar beam irradiance and the bulk canopy metric sky view factor explained the most (58% and 87%, respectively) of the observed ablation rates in years with the least and most cloud cover, respectively; no single metric could explain> 41% of the melt rate variability for all years. In the second study, the time-varying photo-derived direct beam canopy transmissivity and the sky view factor canopy parameter were incorporated into a one-dimensional physically based snowmelt model. Compared to a bulk parameterization of canopy radiative transfer, when the model was modified to accept the time-varying canopy transmissivity, errors in the simulated snow disappearance date were reduced by one week and errors in the timing of soil water fluxes were reduced by 11 days, on average. In the third study, a distributed land surface model was used to simulate snow depth and SWE dynamics for three years. The model was evaluated against data from regional automated SWE measurement stations, repeated catchment-scale depth and density surveys, and airborne LiDAR snow depth data. In general, the model accurately simulated the seasonal maximum snow depth and SWE at lower and middle elevation forested areas. The model tended to overestimate SWE at upper elevations where no precipitation measurements were available. The SWE errors could largely be explained (R2/super” 0.80, p0.01) by distance of the SWE measurement from the nearest precipitation gauge. The results suggest that precipitation uncertainty is a critical limitation on snow model accuracy. Finally, an analysis of seasonal and inter-annual snowmelt patterns highlighted distinct melt differences between lower, middle, and upper elevations. Snowmelt was generally most frequent (70% - 95% of the snow-covered season) at the lower elevations where snow cover was ephemeral and seasonal mean melt rates computed on days when melt was simulated were generally low (3 mm daysuper-1). At upper elevations, melt occurred during less than 65% of the snow-covered period, it occurred later in the season, and mean melt rates were the highest of the region ( 6 mm daysuper-1/super). Middle elevations remained continuously snow covered throughout the winter and early spring, were prone to frequent but intermittent melt, and provided the most sustained period of seasonal mean snowmelt (~ 5 mm day
Author: Burt J. Morse
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snow
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Author: A. A. Shepelevskiĭ
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Author: Burt J. Morse
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780331006933
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Excerpt from Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Abstract. The archive of weekly Northern Hemisphere snow cover maintained by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service since 1966 has been analyzed using asymptotic singular decomposition. The results are shown on charts covering the months of November through April and the winter season. These suggest that anomalies in snow cover over northwestern North America, the Baltic area, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus, the Tibetan Plateau, and Mongolia and Korea may occur synchronously. In addition, charts of Northern Hemisphere snow cover frequencies and snow transition zones have been included. They cover the winter season and the months of September through May. Comparison of these charts with similar ones derived from surface observations shows quite good agreement. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Boris Sevruk
Publisher: World Meteorological Organization
ISBN:
Category : Meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Book Description
Author: Aleksandr Nikolaevich Formozov
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animal ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Book Description
Properties of snow cover in different types of landscape; its effect on movement, feeding, migration, hibernation and distribution of birds and mammals in the U.S.S.R.
Author: John Willard Pomeroy
Publisher: Saskatoon : National Hydrology Research Institute
ISBN:
Category : Hydrology
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
Seasonal snowcover exerts a major influence on the environment and human activity, playing significant roles in water supply, agriculture, forestry, and natural resource management. This publication is a contribution to the understanding of the natural behavior of snowcover. It begins with a chapter on three of the most important physical properties of snowcover: depth, density, and water equivalent, and methods of their measurement. It then examines the areal variability of snowcover and the effects of such factors as topography and vegetation on snowcover distribution; the interception of snow by forests and its sublimation, melting, unloading, and redistribution; wind transport of snow; and the estimation of blowing snow transport and sublimation rates on the western Canadian prairies. The publication ends with a chapter on snow management and control practices in forestry and agriculture.
