Author: Meenu Gupta
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000486435
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Book Description
Focusing on the challenges, directions, and future predictions with the role of 5G in smart healthcare monitoring, this book offers the fundamental concepts and analyses on the methods to apply Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring devices for diagnosing and transferring data. It also discusses self-managing to help providers improve their patients' healthcare experience. Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G: Challenges, Directions, and Future Predictions illustrates user-focused wearable devices such as Fitbit health monitors and smartwatches by which consumers can self-manage and self-monitor their own health. The book covers new points of security and privacy concerns, with the expectation of IoT devices gaining more popularity within the next ten years. Case studies depicting applications and best practices as well as future predictions of smart healthcare monitoring by way of a 5G network are also included. Interested readers of this book include anyone working or involved in research in the field of smart healthcare, such as healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G
Author: Meenu Gupta
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000486435
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Book Description
Focusing on the challenges, directions, and future predictions with the role of 5G in smart healthcare monitoring, this book offers the fundamental concepts and analyses on the methods to apply Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring devices for diagnosing and transferring data. It also discusses self-managing to help providers improve their patients' healthcare experience. Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G: Challenges, Directions, and Future Predictions illustrates user-focused wearable devices such as Fitbit health monitors and smartwatches by which consumers can self-manage and self-monitor their own health. The book covers new points of security and privacy concerns, with the expectation of IoT devices gaining more popularity within the next ten years. Case studies depicting applications and best practices as well as future predictions of smart healthcare monitoring by way of a 5G network are also included. Interested readers of this book include anyone working or involved in research in the field of smart healthcare, such as healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000486435
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Book Description
Focusing on the challenges, directions, and future predictions with the role of 5G in smart healthcare monitoring, this book offers the fundamental concepts and analyses on the methods to apply Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring devices for diagnosing and transferring data. It also discusses self-managing to help providers improve their patients' healthcare experience. Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G: Challenges, Directions, and Future Predictions illustrates user-focused wearable devices such as Fitbit health monitors and smartwatches by which consumers can self-manage and self-monitor their own health. The book covers new points of security and privacy concerns, with the expectation of IoT devices gaining more popularity within the next ten years. Case studies depicting applications and best practices as well as future predictions of smart healthcare monitoring by way of a 5G network are also included. Interested readers of this book include anyone working or involved in research in the field of smart healthcare, such as healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G
Author: Meenu Gupta
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000486427
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Focusing on the challenges, directions, and future predictions with the role of 5G in smart healthcare monitoring, this book offers the fundamental concepts and analyses on the methods to apply Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring devices for diagnosing and transferring data. It also discusses self-managing to help providers improve their patients' healthcare experience. Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G: Challenges, Directions, and Future Predictions illustrates user-focused wearable devices such as Fitbit health monitors and smartwatches by which consumers can self-manage and self-monitor their own health. The book covers new points of security and privacy concerns, with the expectation of IoT devices gaining more popularity within the next ten years. Case studies depicting applications and best practices as well as future predictions of smart healthcare monitoring by way of a 5G network are also included. Interested readers of this book include anyone working or involved in research in the field of smart healthcare, such as healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000486427
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Focusing on the challenges, directions, and future predictions with the role of 5G in smart healthcare monitoring, this book offers the fundamental concepts and analyses on the methods to apply Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring devices for diagnosing and transferring data. It also discusses self-managing to help providers improve their patients' healthcare experience. Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G: Challenges, Directions, and Future Predictions illustrates user-focused wearable devices such as Fitbit health monitors and smartwatches by which consumers can self-manage and self-monitor their own health. The book covers new points of security and privacy concerns, with the expectation of IoT devices gaining more popularity within the next ten years. Case studies depicting applications and best practices as well as future predictions of smart healthcare monitoring by way of a 5G network are also included. Interested readers of this book include anyone working or involved in research in the field of smart healthcare, such as healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
Smart Healthcare Analytics in IoT Enabled Environment
Author: Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303037551X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
This book addresses various aspects of how smart healthcare can be used to detect and analyze diseases, the underlying methodologies, and related security concerns. Healthcare is a multidisciplinary field that involves a range of factors like the financial system, social factors, health technologies, and organizational structures that affect the healthcare provided to individuals, families, institutions, organizations, and populations. The goals of healthcare services include patient safety, timeliness, effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Smart healthcare consists of m-health, e-health, electronic resource management, smart and intelligent home services, and medical devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system comprising real-world things that interact and communicate with each other via networking technologies. The wide range of potential applications of IoT includes healthcare services. IoT-enabled healthcare technologies are suitable for remote health monitoring, including rehabilitation, assisted ambient living, etc. In turn, healthcare analytics can be applied to the data gathered from different areas to improve healthcare at minimum expense.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303037551X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
This book addresses various aspects of how smart healthcare can be used to detect and analyze diseases, the underlying methodologies, and related security concerns. Healthcare is a multidisciplinary field that involves a range of factors like the financial system, social factors, health technologies, and organizational structures that affect the healthcare provided to individuals, families, institutions, organizations, and populations. The goals of healthcare services include patient safety, timeliness, effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Smart healthcare consists of m-health, e-health, electronic resource management, smart and intelligent home services, and medical devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system comprising real-world things that interact and communicate with each other via networking technologies. The wide range of potential applications of IoT includes healthcare services. IoT-enabled healthcare technologies are suitable for remote health monitoring, including rehabilitation, assisted ambient living, etc. In turn, healthcare analytics can be applied to the data gathered from different areas to improve healthcare at minimum expense.
6G-Enabled IoT and AI for Smart Healthcare
Author: Ashish Kumar
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 100089584X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 331
Book Description
In today’s era, there is a need for a system that can automate the process of treatment for the patient if medical facilities are out of reach. Smart healthcare can step in to make the patient more self-dependent. 6G with its features can be seen as the future of smart healthcare with IoT and AI. 6G-Enabled IoT and AI for Smart Healthcare: Challenges, Impact, and Analysis offers the fundamentals, history, reality, and challenges faced in the smart healthcare industry today. It discusses the concepts, tools, and techniques of smart healthcare as well as the analysis used. The book details the role that machine learning-based deep learning and 6G-enabled IoT concepts play in the automation of smart healthcare systems. The book goes on to presents applications of smart healthcare through various real-world examples and includes chapters on security and privacy in the 6G-enabled and IoT environment, as well as research on the future prospects of the smart healthcare industry. This book: Offers the fundamentals, history, reality, and the challenges faced in the smart healthcare industry Discusses the concepts, tools, and techniques of smart healthcare as well as the analysis used Details the role that machine learning-based deep learning and 6G-enabled IoT concepts play in the automation of smart healthcare systems Presents applications of smart healthcare through various real-world examples Includes topics on security and privacy in 6G-enabled IoT, as well as research and future prospectus of the smart healthcare industry Interested readers of this book will include anyone working in or involved in smart healthcare research which includes, but is not limited to healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, systems engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 100089584X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 331
Book Description
In today’s era, there is a need for a system that can automate the process of treatment for the patient if medical facilities are out of reach. Smart healthcare can step in to make the patient more self-dependent. 6G with its features can be seen as the future of smart healthcare with IoT and AI. 6G-Enabled IoT and AI for Smart Healthcare: Challenges, Impact, and Analysis offers the fundamentals, history, reality, and challenges faced in the smart healthcare industry today. It discusses the concepts, tools, and techniques of smart healthcare as well as the analysis used. The book details the role that machine learning-based deep learning and 6G-enabled IoT concepts play in the automation of smart healthcare systems. The book goes on to presents applications of smart healthcare through various real-world examples and includes chapters on security and privacy in the 6G-enabled and IoT environment, as well as research on the future prospects of the smart healthcare industry. This book: Offers the fundamentals, history, reality, and the challenges faced in the smart healthcare industry Discusses the concepts, tools, and techniques of smart healthcare as well as the analysis used Details the role that machine learning-based deep learning and 6G-enabled IoT concepts play in the automation of smart healthcare systems Presents applications of smart healthcare through various real-world examples Includes topics on security and privacy in 6G-enabled IoT, as well as research and future prospectus of the smart healthcare industry Interested readers of this book will include anyone working in or involved in smart healthcare research which includes, but is not limited to healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, systems engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.
IoT Architectures, Models, and Platforms for Smart City Applications
Author: Chowdhry, Bhawani Shankar
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799812553
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
Developing countries are persistently looking for efficient and cost-effective methods for transforming their communities into smart cities. Unfortunately, energy crises have increased in these regions due to a lack of awareness and proper utilization of technological methods. These communities must explore and implement innovative solutions in order to enhance citizen enrollment, quality of government, and city intelligence. IoT Architectures, Models, and Platforms for Smart City Applications provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of transforming cities into intelligent systems using IoT-based design models and sustainable development projects. This publication looks at how cities can be built as smart cities within limited resources and existing advanced technologies. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as cloud computing, human machine interface, and ad hoc networks, this book is ideally designed for urban planners, engineers, IT specialists, computer engineering students, research scientists, academicians, technology developers, policymakers, researchers, and designers seeking current research on smart applications within urban development.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799812553
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
Developing countries are persistently looking for efficient and cost-effective methods for transforming their communities into smart cities. Unfortunately, energy crises have increased in these regions due to a lack of awareness and proper utilization of technological methods. These communities must explore and implement innovative solutions in order to enhance citizen enrollment, quality of government, and city intelligence. IoT Architectures, Models, and Platforms for Smart City Applications provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of transforming cities into intelligent systems using IoT-based design models and sustainable development projects. This publication looks at how cities can be built as smart cities within limited resources and existing advanced technologies. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as cloud computing, human machine interface, and ad hoc networks, this book is ideally designed for urban planners, engineers, IT specialists, computer engineering students, research scientists, academicians, technology developers, policymakers, researchers, and designers seeking current research on smart applications within urban development.
Health Informatics: A Computational Perspective in Healthcare
Author: Ripon Patgiri
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811597359
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
This book presents innovative research works to demonstrate the potential and the advancements of computing approaches to utilize healthcare centric and medical datasets in solving complex healthcare problems. Computing technique is one of the key technologies that are being currently used to perform medical diagnostics in the healthcare domain, thanks to the abundance of medical data being generated and collected. Nowadays, medical data is available in many different forms like MRI images, CT scan images, EHR data, test reports, histopathological data and doctor patient conversation data. This opens up huge opportunities for the application of computing techniques, to derive data-driven models that can be of very high utility, in terms of providing effective treatment to patients. Moreover, machine learning algorithms can uncover hidden patterns and relationships present in medical datasets, which are too complex to uncover, if a data-driven approach is not taken. With the help of computing systems, today, it is possible for researchers to predict an accurate medical diagnosis for new patients, using models built from previous patient data. Apart from automatic diagnostic tasks, computing techniques have also been applied in the process of drug discovery, by which a lot of time and money can be saved. Utilization of genomic data using various computing techniques is another emerging area, which may in fact be the key to fulfilling the dream of personalized medications. Medical prognostics is another area in which machine learning has shown great promise recently, where automatic prognostic models are being built that can predict the progress of the disease, as well as can suggest the potential treatment paths to get ahead of the disease progression.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811597359
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
This book presents innovative research works to demonstrate the potential and the advancements of computing approaches to utilize healthcare centric and medical datasets in solving complex healthcare problems. Computing technique is one of the key technologies that are being currently used to perform medical diagnostics in the healthcare domain, thanks to the abundance of medical data being generated and collected. Nowadays, medical data is available in many different forms like MRI images, CT scan images, EHR data, test reports, histopathological data and doctor patient conversation data. This opens up huge opportunities for the application of computing techniques, to derive data-driven models that can be of very high utility, in terms of providing effective treatment to patients. Moreover, machine learning algorithms can uncover hidden patterns and relationships present in medical datasets, which are too complex to uncover, if a data-driven approach is not taken. With the help of computing systems, today, it is possible for researchers to predict an accurate medical diagnosis for new patients, using models built from previous patient data. Apart from automatic diagnostic tasks, computing techniques have also been applied in the process of drug discovery, by which a lot of time and money can be saved. Utilization of genomic data using various computing techniques is another emerging area, which may in fact be the key to fulfilling the dream of personalized medications. Medical prognostics is another area in which machine learning has shown great promise recently, where automatic prognostic models are being built that can predict the progress of the disease, as well as can suggest the potential treatment paths to get ahead of the disease progression.
Big Data Management in Sensing
Author: Renny Fernandez
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788770042970
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The book is centrally focused on human computer Interaction and how sensors within small and wide groups of Nano-robots employ Deep Learning for applications in industry. It covers a wide array of topics that are useful for researchers and students to gain knowledge about AI and sensors in nanobots. Furthermore, the book explores Deep Learning approaches to enhance the accuracy of AI systems applied in medical robotics for surgical techniques. Secondly, we plan to explore bio-nano-robotics, which is a field in nano-robotics, that deals with automatic intelligence handling, self-assembly and replication, information processing and programmability.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788770042970
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The book is centrally focused on human computer Interaction and how sensors within small and wide groups of Nano-robots employ Deep Learning for applications in industry. It covers a wide array of topics that are useful for researchers and students to gain knowledge about AI and sensors in nanobots. Furthermore, the book explores Deep Learning approaches to enhance the accuracy of AI systems applied in medical robotics for surgical techniques. Secondly, we plan to explore bio-nano-robotics, which is a field in nano-robotics, that deals with automatic intelligence handling, self-assembly and replication, information processing and programmability.
IoT in Healthcare and Ambient Assisted Living
Author: Gonçalo Marques
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811598975
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 375
Book Description
This book presents the state of the art of Internet of Things (IoT) from the perspective of healthcare and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL). It discusses the emerging technologies in healthcare services used for healthcare professionals and patients for enhanced living environments and public health. The topics covered in this book include emerging eHealth IoT applications, Internet of Medical Things, health sensors, and wearable sensors for pervasive and personalized healthcare, and smart homes applications for enhanced health and well-being. The book also presents various ideas for the design and development of IoT solutions for healthcare and AAL. It will be useful for bioengineers and professionals working in the areas of healthcare as well as health informatics.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811598975
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 375
Book Description
This book presents the state of the art of Internet of Things (IoT) from the perspective of healthcare and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL). It discusses the emerging technologies in healthcare services used for healthcare professionals and patients for enhanced living environments and public health. The topics covered in this book include emerging eHealth IoT applications, Internet of Medical Things, health sensors, and wearable sensors for pervasive and personalized healthcare, and smart homes applications for enhanced health and well-being. The book also presents various ideas for the design and development of IoT solutions for healthcare and AAL. It will be useful for bioengineers and professionals working in the areas of healthcare as well as health informatics.
Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond
Author: Trung Q. Duong
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119473691
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
Offers comprehensive insight into the theory, models, and techniques of ultra-dense networks and applications in 5G and other emerging wireless networks The need for speed—and power—in wireless communications is growing exponentially. Data rates are projected to increase by a factor of ten every five years—and with the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) predicted to wirelessly connect trillions of devices across the globe, future mobile networks (5G) will grind to a halt unless more capacity is created. This book presents new research related to the theory and practice of all aspects of ultra-dense networks, covering recent advances in ultra-dense networks for 5G networks and beyond, including cognitive radio networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), device-to-device (D2D) communications, millimeter-wave communications, and energy harvesting communications. Clear and concise throughout, Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond - Modelling, Analysis, and Applications offers a comprehensive coverage on such topics as network optimization; mobility, handoff control, and interference management; and load balancing schemes and energy saving techniques. It delves into the backhaul traffic aspects in ultra-dense networks and studies transceiver hardware impairments and power consumption models in ultra-dense networks. The book also examines new IoT, smart-grid, and smart-city applications, as well as novel modulation, coding, and waveform designs. One of the first books to focus solely on ultra-dense networks for 5G in a complete presentation Covers advanced architectures, self-organizing protocols, resource allocation, user-base station association, synchronization, and signaling Examines the current state of cell-free massive MIMO, distributed massive MIMO, and heterogeneous small cell architectures Offers network measurements, implementations, and demos Looks at wireless caching techniques, physical layer security, cognitive radio, energy harvesting, and D2D communications in ultra-dense networks Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond - Modelling, Analysis, and Applications is an ideal reference for those who want to design high-speed, high-capacity communications in advanced networks, and will appeal to postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers in the field.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119473691
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
Offers comprehensive insight into the theory, models, and techniques of ultra-dense networks and applications in 5G and other emerging wireless networks The need for speed—and power—in wireless communications is growing exponentially. Data rates are projected to increase by a factor of ten every five years—and with the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) predicted to wirelessly connect trillions of devices across the globe, future mobile networks (5G) will grind to a halt unless more capacity is created. This book presents new research related to the theory and practice of all aspects of ultra-dense networks, covering recent advances in ultra-dense networks for 5G networks and beyond, including cognitive radio networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), device-to-device (D2D) communications, millimeter-wave communications, and energy harvesting communications. Clear and concise throughout, Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond - Modelling, Analysis, and Applications offers a comprehensive coverage on such topics as network optimization; mobility, handoff control, and interference management; and load balancing schemes and energy saving techniques. It delves into the backhaul traffic aspects in ultra-dense networks and studies transceiver hardware impairments and power consumption models in ultra-dense networks. The book also examines new IoT, smart-grid, and smart-city applications, as well as novel modulation, coding, and waveform designs. One of the first books to focus solely on ultra-dense networks for 5G in a complete presentation Covers advanced architectures, self-organizing protocols, resource allocation, user-base station association, synchronization, and signaling Examines the current state of cell-free massive MIMO, distributed massive MIMO, and heterogeneous small cell architectures Offers network measurements, implementations, and demos Looks at wireless caching techniques, physical layer security, cognitive radio, energy harvesting, and D2D communications in ultra-dense networks Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond - Modelling, Analysis, and Applications is an ideal reference for those who want to design high-speed, high-capacity communications in advanced networks, and will appeal to postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers in the field.
Smart Healthcare System Design
Author: S. K. Hafizul Islam
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119791685
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 386
Book Description
SMART HEALTHCARE SYSTEM DESIGN This book deeply discusses the major challenges and issues for security and privacy aspects of smart health-care systems. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) has emerged as a powerful and promising technology, and though it has significant technological, social, and economic impacts, it also poses new security and privacy challenges. Compared with the traditional internet, the IoT has various embedded devices, mobile devices, a server, and the cloud, with different capabilities to support multiple services. The pervasiveness of these devices represents a huge attack surface and, since the IoT connects cyberspace to physical space, known as a cyber-physical system, IoT attacks not only have an impact on information systems, but also affect physical infrastructure, the environment, and even human security. The purpose of this book is to help achieve a better integration between the work of researchers and practitioners in a single medium for capturing state-of-the-art IoT solutions in healthcare applications, and to address how to improve the proficiency of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in healthcare. It explores possible automated solutions in everyday life, including the structures of healthcare systems built to handle large amounts of data, thereby improving clinical decisions. The 14 separate chapters address various aspects of the IoT system, such as design challenges, theory, various protocols, implementation issues, as well as several case studies. Smart Healthcare System Design covers the introduction, development, and applications of smart healthcare models that represent the current state-of-the-art of various domains. The primary focus is on theory, algorithms, and their implementation targeted at real-world problems. It will deal with different applications to give the practitioner a flavor of how IoT architectures are designed and introduced into various situations. Audience: Researchers and industry engineers in information technology, artificial intelligence, cyber security, as well as designers of healthcare systems, will find this book very valuable.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119791685
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 386
Book Description
SMART HEALTHCARE SYSTEM DESIGN This book deeply discusses the major challenges and issues for security and privacy aspects of smart health-care systems. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) has emerged as a powerful and promising technology, and though it has significant technological, social, and economic impacts, it also poses new security and privacy challenges. Compared with the traditional internet, the IoT has various embedded devices, mobile devices, a server, and the cloud, with different capabilities to support multiple services. The pervasiveness of these devices represents a huge attack surface and, since the IoT connects cyberspace to physical space, known as a cyber-physical system, IoT attacks not only have an impact on information systems, but also affect physical infrastructure, the environment, and even human security. The purpose of this book is to help achieve a better integration between the work of researchers and practitioners in a single medium for capturing state-of-the-art IoT solutions in healthcare applications, and to address how to improve the proficiency of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in healthcare. It explores possible automated solutions in everyday life, including the structures of healthcare systems built to handle large amounts of data, thereby improving clinical decisions. The 14 separate chapters address various aspects of the IoT system, such as design challenges, theory, various protocols, implementation issues, as well as several case studies. Smart Healthcare System Design covers the introduction, development, and applications of smart healthcare models that represent the current state-of-the-art of various domains. The primary focus is on theory, algorithms, and their implementation targeted at real-world problems. It will deal with different applications to give the practitioner a flavor of how IoT architectures are designed and introduced into various situations. Audience: Researchers and industry engineers in information technology, artificial intelligence, cyber security, as well as designers of healthcare systems, will find this book very valuable.