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Author: Francesca Cigna
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3036501266
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
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Book Description
Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being implemented in assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity. This book includes research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify to the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The added value of the papers lies in the demonstration of how remote sensing can improve our knowledge of volcanoes that pose a threat to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, the selected case studies also demonstrate the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially have on volcanic hazard and risk management.
Author: Francesca Cigna
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3036501266
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Get Book Here
Book Description
Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being implemented in assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity. This book includes research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify to the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The added value of the papers lies in the demonstration of how remote sensing can improve our knowledge of volcanoes that pose a threat to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, the selected case studies also demonstrate the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially have on volcanic hazard and risk management.
Author: D.M. Pyle
Publisher: Geological Society of London
ISBN: 1862393621
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
This volume focuses on how advances in both remote sensing and modelling can be brought together to improve our understanding of the behaviour of active volcanoes. It includes review papers, papers reporting technical advances and case studies showing how the integration of remote-sensing observations with models can be put to good use.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
Author: Francesca Cigna
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783036501277
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Get Book Here
Book Description
Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being implemented in assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity. This book includes research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify to the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The added value of the papers lies in the demonstration of how remote sensing can improve our knowledge of volcanoes that pose a threat to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, the selected case studies also demonstrate the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially have on volcanic hazard and risk management.
Author: Saskia Marjoleine van Manen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Volcanism
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Andrew Harris
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 052185945X
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 739
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Book Description
A comprehensive manual exploring radiometry methodologies and principles used with satellite-, radiometer- and thermal-camera data, for academic researchers and graduate students.
Author: Pasquale Sellitto
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3038976288
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.
Author: Sonia Calvari
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783036551203
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The monitoring of active volcanoes is a complex task based on multidisciplinary and integrated analyses that use ground, drones and satellite monitoring devices. Over time, and with the development of new technologies and increasing frequency of acquisition, the use of remote sensing to accomplish this important task has grown enormously. This is especially so with the use of drones and satellites for classifying eruptive events and detecting the opening of new vents, the spreading of lava flows on the surface or ash plumes in the atmosphere, the fallout of tephra on the ground, the intrusion of new magma within the volcano edifice, and the deformation preceding impending eruptions, and many other factors. The main challenge in using remote sensing techniques is to develop automated and reliable systems that may assist the decision maker in volcano monitoring, hazard assessment and risk reduction. The integration with ground-based techniques represents a valuable additional aspect that makes the proposed methods more robust and reinforces the results obtained. This collection of papers is focused on several active volcanoes, such as Stromboli, Etna, and Volcano in Italy; the Long Valley caldera and Kilauea volcano in the USA; and Cotopaxi in Ecuador.
Author: Judit Gonzalez Santana
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Volcano instability refers to the condition where a volcanic edifice has reached a state of destabilization that increases the likelihood that all or part of the edifice will undergo structural failure. Flank instability can arise from complex interactions between gravity forces, magmatic activity, and local or regional tectonics, and develop over a variety of timescales and lengthscales. Despite debris avalanches resulting from the catastrophic failure of volcanic flanks taking place at a frequency of 5 every 100 years, and causing over 20,000 fatalities in the past 400 years, flank motion only attained recognition as an important process in the mid-20th century, so its expression and drivers are poorly understood relative to those of other volcanic processes. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the occurrence of long-term flank instability at volcanoes, including the processes, precursory signals and conditions required to develop and sustain volcanic flank creep. This is motivated by the need to better understand the conditions under which catastrophic flank collapse will take place and to identify precursory activity that could enable suitable hazard assessment and early warning for risk mitigation purposes. Specifically, I present research on volcanic flank instability and its interaction with magmatic activity. The emphasis is on improving observations of flank instability through satellite remote sensing and leveraging models to better understand the relative contributions of different processes to flank instability. This dissertation is composed of four main chapters: the first three focus on an active volcano in Guatemala, Pacaya, where previous studies have shown evidence for flank instability, whereas the fourth is a parametric study applicable to the range of volcano geometries in nature. The first chapter focuses on the detection and modeling of low magnitude flank creep at Pacaya. The second presents a conceptual model for the links between flank creep behaviour and volcanic unrest at Pacaya. The third focuses on validating the conceptual model and testing the performance of different radar satellite platforms to detect ground motion as well as the applicability of single-station seismic analyses to monitor eruption evolution. The final chapter addresses the impact of volcano and fault geometry on the likelihood of developing magma driven flank instability. Despite the prevalence of debris avalanches across volcanic settings, flank instability has mostly been considered at ocean island volcanoes. In Guatemala, all but one volcano with elevation >2000 m have undergone edifice failure. Pacaya is one of these Guatemalan volcanoes, which experienced at least one past episode of flank collapse and where recent transient flank motion was identified during two large eruptions in 2010 and 2014. I investigate the existence of long-term slip at Pacaya through a time-series analysis method that enables retrieval of long-term signals by combining information from multiple shorter interval radar satellite image pairs and reveal, for the first time, long-term displacement of the southwest flank of Pacaya between 2010 and 2014. Through inverse geodetic modeling and analysis of stress changes, I find that that the observed flank motion could be accommodated by slip on a southwest-dipping detachment fault, with an observed increase in slip rate attributed to magma intrusion during a major eruption in 2014. The identification of long-term flank creep and its modulation by magmatic activity at Pacaya between 2012 and 2014 raised the question of whether creep was ongoing and how other instances of lava flow effusion and explosive activity relate to flank motion. Thus, I investigated the links between flank creep rates and eruptive behavior at Pacaya, to better constrain the conditions under which flank creep can be initiated, sustained, or halted at active volcanoes. I computed time-series of surface displacements from 2007 to 2020 using seven radar satellite datasets to quantify flank creep rates and compiled volcanic activity reports, ash advisories, thermal anomalies, and lava flow maps to describe the concurrent eruptive activity. The observations were combined into a conceptual model showing how during periods of elevated volcanic unrest attributed to open-vent volcanic activity, magma migrates in an open conduit with little associated deformation or flank motion, whereas during activity involving the opening of new vents outside the summit area, transient flank creep can be initiated. Pacaya underwent another heightened period of volcanic activity in early 2021, as the culmination of effusive and explosive activity starting in mid-2015. Given the association of past vigorous eruptive activity from vents beyond the summit area with initiation or acceleration of flank creep, I assessed whether this process repeated itself in 2021. I also leveraged the availability of radar data availability from 5 different satellite platforms with different spatial and temporal resolutions to assess the relative performance of different platforms for monitoring volcanic eruptions. Ground displacement time-series results revealed subsidence and westward displacements on the southwest flank that are compatible with down-dip motion, but might include contributions from lava flow compaction and seasonal tropospheric water vapor variations. Overall, results highlight the advantage of high resolution SAR amplitude imagery for mapping surface changes, the vulnerability to geometric distortions of low incidence angle platforms, and the obstacle of reliance on tasking to obtain imagery over volcanoes, as well as the need for advanced techniques to unravel sources of ground motion signals. An additional seismic dataset revealed that real-time seismic amplitude measurement peaks reflect the vigor of magma effusion and single-station correlations capture the effects of rainfall, but gaps and noise in the datasets impeded identifying any characteristic signals coincident with changes in eruptive activity or flank displacement trends. To further the understanding of the complex interplay between magmatic intrusion and volcanic flank creep observed at Pacaya, but also at other volcanoes, I carried out a parametric study using numerical models. Specifically, I assessed how edifice slope, the geometry of faults, and intrusion depth affect the potential for the development of magma-driven flank instability at volcanoes. I quantified whether each modeled condition would be conducive or detrimental to slip through calculation of stress changes on example receiver faults for endmember scenarios in nature. Additionally, the surface displacements for each case were extracted, to highlight deviations from the displacements that would be obtained through more commonly used analytical models that neglect relief. Development of instability is most likely when receiver faults have shallow dips and the dike intrusion spans the edifice, regardless of edifice steepness, or in steep edifices when receiver faults have steep dips and the dike is beneath the edifice. Neglecting topography yields different magnitudes and extents of surface deformation and stress changes.
Author: Andrew Harris
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107328187
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Encapsulating over one hundred years of research developments, this book is a comprehensive manual for measurements of Earth surface temperatures and heat fluxes, enabling better detection and measurement of volcanic activity. With a particular focus on volcanic hot spots, the book explores methodologies and principles used with satellite-, radiometer- and thermal-camera data. It presents traditional applications using satellite and ground based sensors as well as modern applications that have evolved for use with hand-held thermal cameras and is fully illustrated with case studies, databases and worked examples. Chapter topics include techniques for thermal mixture modelling and heat flux derivation, and methods for data collection, mapping and time-series generation. Appendices and online supplements present additional specific notes on areas of sensor application and data processing, supported by an extensive reference list. This book is an invaluable resource for academic researchers and graduate students in thermal remote sensing, volcanology, geophysics and planetary studies.
