Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides by Biomass Reburning PDF Download
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Author: Jeffrey James Sweterlitsch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
In the primary zone coal is combusted, producing nitrogen oxides. In the secondary zone, more fuel is added, creating a fuel-rich regime, and producing free radicals that are necessary for the conversion from nitrogen oxides to molecular nitrogen. Additional air is added in the burnout zone to complete the combustion process. This research focuses on the reburning zone. A bench-scale, down-flow combustor was constructed to simulate a coal-fired utility boiler. The primary fuel was natural gas, and the reburning fuel was biomass, specifically switchgrass. Spatially resolved measurements of temperature and nitrogen oxides concentrations were made to determine switchgrass' efficiency as a reburning fuel.
Author: Jeffrey James Sweterlitsch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
In the primary zone coal is combusted, producing nitrogen oxides. In the secondary zone, more fuel is added, creating a fuel-rich regime, and producing free radicals that are necessary for the conversion from nitrogen oxides to molecular nitrogen. Additional air is added in the burnout zone to complete the combustion process. This research focuses on the reburning zone. A bench-scale, down-flow combustor was constructed to simulate a coal-fired utility boiler. The primary fuel was natural gas, and the reburning fuel was biomass, specifically switchgrass. Spatially resolved measurements of temperature and nitrogen oxides concentrations were made to determine switchgrass' efficiency as a reburning fuel.
Author: Jeffrey James Sweterlitsch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 142
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Book Description
Fuel-Lean Gas Reburning[Superscript Trademark symbol] (FLGR) is a method of controlling NO[Subscript x] emissions produced during coal combustion in utility boilers by injecting natural gas into the boiler downstream of the primary combustion zone. Whereas traditional reburning requires 10%-20% of the total energy input from the reburn fuel followed by over-fire air to complete combustion of fuel fragments, FLGR uses only 5%-10% of the total energy input from the reburn fuel. Because less fuel is used, the overall environment in the boiler remains fuel-lean, with only localized eddies that are fuel-rich, where the NO[Subscript x] reduction takes place. FLGR does not require over-fire air to complete the combustion of fuel fragments. Fuel-lean biomass reburning is a variation of FLGR that uses biomass instead of natural gas as the reburn fuel. The goal of this work was to simulate a coal-fired utility boiler in an experimental down-flow reactor, and evaluate the influence of several variables, including the initial oxygen concentration, the type of biomass used, the % energy input from biomass, and the type of carrier gas used for injecting the biomass into the reactor.
Author: Senthilvasan Arumugam
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Oxides of nitrogen from coal-fired power stations are considered to be major pollutants, and there is increasing concern for regulating air quality and offsetting the emissions generated from the use of energy. Reburning is an in-furnace, combustion control technology for NOx reduction. Another environmental issue that needs to be addressed is the rapidly growing feedlot industry in the United States. The production of biomass from one or more animal species is in excess of what can safely be applied to farmland in accordance with nutrient management plans and stockpiled waste poses economic and environmental liabilities. In the present study, the feasibility of using biomass as a reburn fuel in existing coal-fired power plants is considered. It is expected to utilize biomass as a low-cost, substitute fuel and an agent to control emission. The successful development of this technology will create environment-friendly, low cost fuel source for the power industry, provide means for an alternate method of disposal of biomass, and generate a possible revenue source for feedlot operators. In the present study, the effect of coal, cattle manure or feedlot biomass, and blends of biomass with coal on the ability to reduce NOx were investigated in the Texas A & M University 29.31 kW (100,000 Btu/h) reburning facility. The facility used a mixture of propane and ammonia to generate the 600 ppm NOx in the primary zone. The reburn fuel was injected using air. The stoichiometry tested were 1.00 to 1.20 in the reburn zone. Two types of injectors, circular jet and fan spray injectors, which produce different types of mixing within the reburn zone, were studied to find their effect on NOx emissions reduction. The flat spray injector performed better in all cases. With the injection of biomass as reburn fuel with circular jet injector the maximum NOx reduction was 29.9 % and with flat spray injector was 62.2 %. The mixing time was estimated in model set up as 936 and 407 ms. The maximum NOx reduction observed with coal was 14.4 % and with biomass it was 62.2 % and the reduction with blends lay between that of coal and biomass.
Author: Paul Gordon Goughnour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Coal fired power plants produce NOx at unacceptable levels. In order to control these emissions without major modifications to the burners, additional fuel called reburn fuel is fired under rich conditions (10-30 % by heat) after the coal burners. Additional air called overfire air (about 20 % of total air) is injected in order to complete combustion. Typically reburn fuel is natural gas (NG). From previous research at TAMU, it was found that firing feedlot biomass (FB) as reburn fuel lowers the NOx emission at significant levels compared to NG. The present research was conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for the reduction of NOx. Experiments were performed in a small scale 29.3 kW (100,000 BTU/hr) reactor using low ash partially composted FB (LA PC FB) with equivalence ratio ranging from 1 to 1.15. The results of these experiments show that NOx levels can be reduced by as much as 90% - 95 % when firing pure LA PC FB and results are almost independent of. The reburn fuel was injected with normal air and then vitiated air (12.5 % O2); further the angles of reburn injector were set normal to the main gas flow and at 45-degrees upward. For LA PC FB no significant changes were observed; but high ash PC FB revealed better reductions with 45-degrees injector and vitiated air. This new technology has the potential to reduce NOx emissions in coal fired boilers located near cattle feedlots and also relieves the cattle industry of the waste.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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This final technical report describes research conducted between July 1, 2000, and June 30, 2002, for the project entitled ''Fuel Lean Biomass Reburning in Coal-Fired Boilers, '' DOE Award No. DE-FG26-00NT40811. Fuel Lean Biomass Reburning is a method of staging fuel within a coal-fired utility boiler to convert nitrogen oxides (NOx) to nitrogen by creating locally fuel-rich eddies, which favor the reduction of NOx, within an overall fuel lean boiler. These eddies are created by injecting a supplemental fuel source, designated as the reburn fuel, downstream of the primary combustion zone. Chopped biomass was the reburn fuel for this project. Four parameters were explored in this research: the initial oxygen concentration ranged between 1%-6%, the amount of biomass used as the reburn fuel ranged between from 0%-23% of the total % energy input, the types of biomass used were low nitrogen switchgrass and high nitrogen alfalfa, and the types of carrier gases used to inject the biomass (nitrogen and steam). Temperature profiles and final flue gas species concentrations are presented in this report. An economic evaluation of a potential full-scale installation of a Fuel-Lean Biomass Reburn system using biomass-water slurry was also performed.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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Author: Hyuk Jin Oh
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Cattle biomass (CB) has been proposed as a renewable, supplementary fuel for co-firing and reburning. Reburning coal with CB has the potential to reduce NOx and Hg emissions from coal fired systems. The present research focuses on three areas of combustion: 1) Biomass reburning experiments are conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for the NOx reduction using blends of coal and CB as reburn fuels. 2) Since CB contains higher ash contents compared to coals, the fouling behavior is also investigated under the transient and short-time operation. 3) Finally CB contains higher Cl compared to coals, which oxidizes Hg to HgCl2. To understand the Hg oxidation behavior, a fundamental study of Hg oxidation in coal combustion is conducted using a plug flow reactor (PFR). The main parameters investigated are types of the reburn fuel, reburn equivalence ratios (ERRBZ), O2 concentrations in the reburn gas, injection angles of the reburn fuel, cross-sectional geometries of the reburn nozzles, symmetric and asymmetric reburn injections, reburn heat inputs, baseline NOx concentrations, and presence and absence of the heat exchangers (HEX). The results of reburning show that CB is a very effective fuel in NOx reduction, and the extent of NOx reduction is strongly dependent to the ERRBZ. The optimum conditions of the boiler operation for biomass reburning are as follows: ERRBZ = 1.1, 45° upward circular reburn nozzles, 12.5% O2 in the reburn gas, symmetric injection, and presence of HEXs. To make an effective reburn process, the baseline NOx concentrations must be higher than 230 g/GJ (0.5 lb/mmBTU) and the reburn heat input higher than 20%. The results of ash fouling show the presence of ash in the hotter region of the furnace seems to promote heat radiation thus augmenting the heat transfer to the HEX. The growth of the layer of ash depositions over longer periods typically lowers overall heat transfer coefficients. The addition of HCl to Hg containing gases in the PFR significantly increases Hg oxidations. The addition of NO inhibited the overall reaction and shifted the reaction temperature higher while the addition of O2 promoted Hg oxidations and lowered the reaction temperature. For heterogeneous cases, the use of the VWT catalyst promotes the reduction of Hg0 and shifted the reaction temperatures lower than those for homogeneous cases.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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This report presents results of studies under a Phase II SBIR program funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and a closely coordinated project sponsored by the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL, formerly FETC). The overall Phase II objective of the SBIR project is to experimentally optimize the biomass reburning technologies and conduct engineering design studies needed for process demonstration at full scale. The DOE project addresses supporting issues for the process design including modeling activities, economic studies of biomass handling, and experimental evaluation of slagging and fouling. The performance of biomass has been examined in a 300 kW (1 x 106 Btu/hr) Boiler Simulator Facility under different experimental conditions. Fuels under investigation include furniture waste, willow wood and walnut shells. Tests showed that furniture pellets and walnut shells provided similar NO(subscript x) control as that of natural gas in basic reburning at low heat inputs. Maximum NO(subscript x) reduction achieved with walnut shell and furniture pellets was 65% and 58% respectively. Willow wood provided a maximum NO(subscript x) reduction of 50% and was no better than natural gas at any condition tested. The efficiency of biomass increases when N-agent is injected into reburning and/or burnout zones, or along with OFA (Advanced Reburning). Co-injection of Na2CO3 with N-agent further increases efficiency of NO(subscript x) reduction. Maximum NO(subscript x) reduction achieved with furniture pellets and willow wood in Advanced Reburning was 83% and 78% respectively. All combustion experiments of the Phase II project have been completed. All objectives of the experimental tasks were successfully met. The kinetic model of biomass reburning has been developed. Model agrees with experimental data for a wide range of initial conditions and thus correctly represents main features of the reburning process. Modeling suggests that the most important factors that provide high efficiency of biomass in reburning are low fuel-N content and high content of alkali metals in ash. These results indicate that the efficiency of biomass as a reburning fuel may be predicted based on its ultimate, proximate, and ash analyses. The results of experimental and kinetic modeling studies were utilized in applying a validated methodology for reburning system design to biomass reburning in a typical coal-fired boiler. Based on the trends in biomass reburning performance and the characteristics of the boiler under study, a preliminary process design for biomass reburning was developed. Physical flow models were applied to specific injection parameters and operating scenarios, to assess the mixing performance of reburning fuel and overfire air jets which is of paramount importance in achieving target NO(subscript x) control performance. The two preliminary cases studied showed potential as candidate reburning designs, and demonstrated that similar mixing performance could be achieved in operation with different quantities of reburning fuel. Based upon this preliminary evaluation, EER has determined that reburning and advanced reburning technologies can be successfully applied using biomass. Pilot-scale studies on biomass reburning conducted by EER have indicated that biomass is an excellent reburning fuel. This generic design study provides a template approach for future demonstrations in specific installations.
Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1428918868
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Author: Giacomo Colmegna
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Coal fired power plants will face many challenges in the near future as new regulations, such as the Clear Sky Act, are being implemented. These regulations impose much stricter limits on NOx emissions and plan to impose limits on mercury emissions from coal fired boilers. At this time no technologies are currently being implemented for control of Hg and this explains the strong interest in this area by the Department of Energy (DOE). Reburn technology is a very promising technology to reduce NOx emissions. Previous experimental research at TAMU reported that Feedlot Biomass (FB) can be a very effective reburn fuel, for reduction of NOx up to 90%-95%; however, little work has been done to model such a process with Feedlot Biomass as reburn fuel. The present work addresses the development of a reburn model to predict NOx and Hg emissions. The model accounts for finite rate of heating of solid fuel particles, mixing with NOx laden hot gases, size distribution, finite gas phase and heterogeneous chemistry, and oxidation and reduction reactions for NOx and Hg. To reduce the computational effort all the reactions, except those involved in mercury oxidation, are modeled using global reactions. Once the model was validated by comparison with experimental findings, extensive parametric studies were performed to evaluate the parameters controlling NOx reduction. From DOE research programs some experimental data regarding the capture of mercury from power plant is available, but currently no experimental data are available for Hg emission with reburn process. This model has shown a very large mercury reduction using biomass as a reburn fuel. The model recommends the following correlations for optimum reduction of NOx: Equivalence Ratio should be above 1.05; mixing time should be below 100ms (especially for biomass); pure air can be used as the carrier gas; the thermal power fraction of the reburner should be between 15% and 25%; residence time should be at least 0.5s and the Surface Mean Diameter (SMD) of the size distribution should be as small as possible, at least below 100 [micron].
