Author: Umberto Costantino
Publisher: Series On Chemistry, Energy And The Environment
ISBN: 9789811240607
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) are two-dimensional materials with unique physiochemical properties, which enable their use in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, biomaterials, energy, filler of polymeric composites, and water remediation.This book addresses basic aspects of LDH as the implementations in the methodologies based on density functional theory (DFT) to understand the properties and applications of LDHs, the synthetic methods to prepare LDHs and LDH based core-shell structures, and the swelling and exfoliation behaviors of LDH compounds. A relevant part of the book is devoted to consolidated and emerging applications of LDHs as catalysts in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and water oxidation processes, as biomaterials and as functional fillers in food packaging. New advances on LDH are described with a keen eye on the past research.
Progress In Layered Double Hydroxides: From Synthesis To New Applications
Author: Umberto Costantino
Publisher: Series On Chemistry, Energy And The Environment
ISBN: 9789811240607
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) are two-dimensional materials with unique physiochemical properties, which enable their use in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, biomaterials, energy, filler of polymeric composites, and water remediation.This book addresses basic aspects of LDH as the implementations in the methodologies based on density functional theory (DFT) to understand the properties and applications of LDHs, the synthetic methods to prepare LDHs and LDH based core-shell structures, and the swelling and exfoliation behaviors of LDH compounds. A relevant part of the book is devoted to consolidated and emerging applications of LDHs as catalysts in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and water oxidation processes, as biomaterials and as functional fillers in food packaging. New advances on LDH are described with a keen eye on the past research.
Publisher: Series On Chemistry, Energy And The Environment
ISBN: 9789811240607
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) are two-dimensional materials with unique physiochemical properties, which enable their use in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, biomaterials, energy, filler of polymeric composites, and water remediation.This book addresses basic aspects of LDH as the implementations in the methodologies based on density functional theory (DFT) to understand the properties and applications of LDHs, the synthetic methods to prepare LDHs and LDH based core-shell structures, and the swelling and exfoliation behaviors of LDH compounds. A relevant part of the book is devoted to consolidated and emerging applications of LDHs as catalysts in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and water oxidation processes, as biomaterials and as functional fillers in food packaging. New advances on LDH are described with a keen eye on the past research.
Layered Double Hydroxide Polymer Nanocomposites
Author: Sabu Thomas
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081019041
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 886
Book Description
Nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have recently become a formidable research area due to their amendable properties and potential applications. The distinct properties of LDH polymer nanocomposites include a wide range of chemical compositions, structural homogeneity, unique anion exchanging ability, easy synthesis, high bound water content, memory effect, non-toxicity and biocompatibility. This means that LDH polymer nanocomposites have the potential for new and innovative applications. Layered Double Hydroxide Polymer Nanocomposites presents a comprehensive overview of the recent innovative advances in the fabrication, characterization and applications of LDH polymer nanocomposites. As well as covering fundamental structural and chemical knowledge, this book also explores various properties and characterization techniques including microscopic, spectroscopic and mechanical behaviors. There is also a strong focus on the potential applications of LDH polymer nanocomposites, such as energy, electrical and electronic, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical, agricultural, food packaging and water purification functions. This book provides comprehensive coverage of cutting-edge research in the field of LDH polymer nanocomposites and their future applications. This book will be an essential read for all academics, researchers, engineers and students working in this area. - Fundamental knowledge of LDH polymer nanocomposites, including chemical composition, structural features and fabrication techniques - Provides an analytical overview of the different types of characterization techniques and technologies - Extensive review on cutting-edge research for potential future applications, in a variety of industries
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081019041
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 886
Book Description
Nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have recently become a formidable research area due to their amendable properties and potential applications. The distinct properties of LDH polymer nanocomposites include a wide range of chemical compositions, structural homogeneity, unique anion exchanging ability, easy synthesis, high bound water content, memory effect, non-toxicity and biocompatibility. This means that LDH polymer nanocomposites have the potential for new and innovative applications. Layered Double Hydroxide Polymer Nanocomposites presents a comprehensive overview of the recent innovative advances in the fabrication, characterization and applications of LDH polymer nanocomposites. As well as covering fundamental structural and chemical knowledge, this book also explores various properties and characterization techniques including microscopic, spectroscopic and mechanical behaviors. There is also a strong focus on the potential applications of LDH polymer nanocomposites, such as energy, electrical and electronic, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical, agricultural, food packaging and water purification functions. This book provides comprehensive coverage of cutting-edge research in the field of LDH polymer nanocomposites and their future applications. This book will be an essential read for all academics, researchers, engineers and students working in this area. - Fundamental knowledge of LDH polymer nanocomposites, including chemical composition, structural features and fabrication techniques - Provides an analytical overview of the different types of characterization techniques and technologies - Extensive review on cutting-edge research for potential future applications, in a variety of industries
Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides
Author: Rajib Lochan Goswamee
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781685073817
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 407
Book Description
"Currently, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) is a hot area of research on inorganic layered materials. The present book, Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides, edited by Dr. Rjib Lochan Goswamee and Dr. Pinky Saikia, is a collection of articles from various researchers from different parts of the world mainly on structure and property relationships of various types of LDH and their related application prospects. How these application prospects can be related to the most pressing problems of humanity like drug delivery, global warming, green catalysis, electrochemical energy storage and generation etc. are clearly discussed in the articles inside. The book provides a thorough up-to-date review of recent literature on applications of LDH available in the global scientific and technical media. For example, the book lucidly describes the behaviour of LDH nanocarriers in biological fluids, their low cytotoxicity and high levels of cellular internalization, and high drug loading capacity. Similarly, the book examines why hybrid nanocomposites of LDH-MOF are considered promising materials due to their diverse functionality, flexible properties and tailored end-use properties. Likewise, application of LDH in secondary batteries and electro-chemical supercapacitors with a thorough up-to-date review is included in the book. Also, basic research articles on structural properties and measurements of a special class of unique LDH Li-Al-LDHs are included. Editors also have written their own articles on their findings on the prospective application of dispersions of LDH nanocomposites on structured catalysts for green-house gas emission. Overall, the book gives a short glimpse of wonderful opportunities that LDH can provide in solving many global socio-economic problems of today"--
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781685073817
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 407
Book Description
"Currently, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) is a hot area of research on inorganic layered materials. The present book, Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides, edited by Dr. Rjib Lochan Goswamee and Dr. Pinky Saikia, is a collection of articles from various researchers from different parts of the world mainly on structure and property relationships of various types of LDH and their related application prospects. How these application prospects can be related to the most pressing problems of humanity like drug delivery, global warming, green catalysis, electrochemical energy storage and generation etc. are clearly discussed in the articles inside. The book provides a thorough up-to-date review of recent literature on applications of LDH available in the global scientific and technical media. For example, the book lucidly describes the behaviour of LDH nanocarriers in biological fluids, their low cytotoxicity and high levels of cellular internalization, and high drug loading capacity. Similarly, the book examines why hybrid nanocomposites of LDH-MOF are considered promising materials due to their diverse functionality, flexible properties and tailored end-use properties. Likewise, application of LDH in secondary batteries and electro-chemical supercapacitors with a thorough up-to-date review is included in the book. Also, basic research articles on structural properties and measurements of a special class of unique LDH Li-Al-LDHs are included. Editors also have written their own articles on their findings on the prospective application of dispersions of LDH nanocomposites on structured catalysts for green-house gas emission. Overall, the book gives a short glimpse of wonderful opportunities that LDH can provide in solving many global socio-economic problems of today"--
Layered Double Hydroxides
Author: Vicente Rives
Publisher: Nova Publishers
ISBN: 9781590330609
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 518
Book Description
Layered double hydroxides are one of the variety of names given to a family of layered materials first discovered in Sweden in 1842. These materials are interesting because their layer cations can be changed among a wide selection, and the interlayer anion can also be (nearly) freely chosen. Like cationic clays, they can be pillared and can exchange interlayer species -- thus increasing applications and making new routes to derivatives. The principle areas of application include catalyst support, anion scavengers, polymer stabilisers, and antacids. In the last several years, reviews and studies of LDHs have dealt with these uses. This book aims to update the current body of LDH knowledge from a wide array of views. The first section addresses the synthesis and physiochemical characterisation of these materials, and section two focuses on the applications of LDHs.
Publisher: Nova Publishers
ISBN: 9781590330609
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 518
Book Description
Layered double hydroxides are one of the variety of names given to a family of layered materials first discovered in Sweden in 1842. These materials are interesting because their layer cations can be changed among a wide selection, and the interlayer anion can also be (nearly) freely chosen. Like cationic clays, they can be pillared and can exchange interlayer species -- thus increasing applications and making new routes to derivatives. The principle areas of application include catalyst support, anion scavengers, polymer stabilisers, and antacids. In the last several years, reviews and studies of LDHs have dealt with these uses. This book aims to update the current body of LDH knowledge from a wide array of views. The first section addresses the synthesis and physiochemical characterisation of these materials, and section two focuses on the applications of LDHs.
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
Author: Ian T. Sherman
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781634820240
Category : Hydroxides
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are clay-type materials with extraordinary properties, whose structure is composed of stacked inorganic metal oxide layers built by connected sheets. The crystal structure of layered double hydroxides is based on positive charged brucite-like mainlayers and balanced by reversible exchangeable interlayer anions, additional cations and water molecules. Due to their negligible toxicity and buffering properties, LDHs are commercially employed as antacids and they are increasingly studied as vehicles in drug and gene delivery systems. This book discusses the synthesis, characterization and applications of layered double hydroxides.
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781634820240
Category : Hydroxides
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are clay-type materials with extraordinary properties, whose structure is composed of stacked inorganic metal oxide layers built by connected sheets. The crystal structure of layered double hydroxides is based on positive charged brucite-like mainlayers and balanced by reversible exchangeable interlayer anions, additional cations and water molecules. Due to their negligible toxicity and buffering properties, LDHs are commercially employed as antacids and they are increasingly studied as vehicles in drug and gene delivery systems. This book discusses the synthesis, characterization and applications of layered double hydroxides.
Layered 2D Materials and Their Allied Applications
Author: Inamuddin
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119654963
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Ever since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have been the central tool of the materials research community. The reason behind their importance is their superlative and unique electronic, optical, physical, chemical and mechanical properties in layered form rather than in bulk form. The 2DLMs have been applied to electronics, catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedical applications. The following topics are discussed in the book’s fifteen chapters: • The research status of the 2D metal-organic frameworks and the different techniques used to synthesize them. • 2D black phosphorus (BP) and its practical application in various fields. • Reviews the synthesis methods of MXenes and provides a detailed discussion of their structural characterization and physical, electrochemical and optical properties, as well as applications in catalysis, energy storage, environmental management, biomedicine, and gas sensing. • The carbon-based materials and their potential applications via the photocatalytic process using visible light irradiation. • 2D materials like graphene, TMDCs, few-layer phosphorene, MXene in layered form and their heterostructures. • The structure and applications of 2D perovskites. • The physical parameters of pristine layered materials, ZnO, transition metal dichalcogenides, and heterostructures of layered materials are discussed. • The coupling of graphitic carbon nitride with various metal sulfides and oxides to form efficient heterojunction for water purification. • The structural features, synthetic methods, properties, and different applications and properties of 2D zeolites. • The methods for synthesizing 2D hollow nanostructures are featured and their structural aspects and potential in medical and non-medical applications. • The characteristics and structural aspects of 2D layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and the various synthesis methods and role of LDH in non-medical applications as adsorbent, sensor, catalyst, etc. • The synthesis of graphene-based 2D layered materials synthesized by using top-down and bottom-up approaches where the main emphasis is on the hot-filament thermal chemical vapor deposition (HFTCVD) method. • The different properties of 2D h-BN and borophene and the various methods being used for the synthesis of 2D h-BN, along with their growth mechanism and transfer techniques. • The physical properties and current progress of various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) based on photoactive materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction. • The state-of-the-art of 2D layered materials and associated devices, such as electronic, biosensing, optoelectronic, and energy storage applications.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119654963
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Ever since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have been the central tool of the materials research community. The reason behind their importance is their superlative and unique electronic, optical, physical, chemical and mechanical properties in layered form rather than in bulk form. The 2DLMs have been applied to electronics, catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedical applications. The following topics are discussed in the book’s fifteen chapters: • The research status of the 2D metal-organic frameworks and the different techniques used to synthesize them. • 2D black phosphorus (BP) and its practical application in various fields. • Reviews the synthesis methods of MXenes and provides a detailed discussion of their structural characterization and physical, electrochemical and optical properties, as well as applications in catalysis, energy storage, environmental management, biomedicine, and gas sensing. • The carbon-based materials and their potential applications via the photocatalytic process using visible light irradiation. • 2D materials like graphene, TMDCs, few-layer phosphorene, MXene in layered form and their heterostructures. • The structure and applications of 2D perovskites. • The physical parameters of pristine layered materials, ZnO, transition metal dichalcogenides, and heterostructures of layered materials are discussed. • The coupling of graphitic carbon nitride with various metal sulfides and oxides to form efficient heterojunction for water purification. • The structural features, synthetic methods, properties, and different applications and properties of 2D zeolites. • The methods for synthesizing 2D hollow nanostructures are featured and their structural aspects and potential in medical and non-medical applications. • The characteristics and structural aspects of 2D layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and the various synthesis methods and role of LDH in non-medical applications as adsorbent, sensor, catalyst, etc. • The synthesis of graphene-based 2D layered materials synthesized by using top-down and bottom-up approaches where the main emphasis is on the hot-filament thermal chemical vapor deposition (HFTCVD) method. • The different properties of 2D h-BN and borophene and the various methods being used for the synthesis of 2D h-BN, along with their growth mechanism and transfer techniques. • The physical properties and current progress of various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) based on photoactive materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction. • The state-of-the-art of 2D layered materials and associated devices, such as electronic, biosensing, optoelectronic, and energy storage applications.
Handbook of Clay Science
Author:
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080993710
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1748
Book Description
The first edition of the Handbook of Clay Science published in 2006 assembled the scattered literature on the varied and diverse aspects that make up the discipline of clay science. The topics covered range from the fundamental structures (including textures) and properties of clays and clay minerals, through their environmental, health and industrial applications, to their analysis and characterization by modern instrumental techniques. Also included are the clay-microbe interaction, layered double hydroxides, zeolites, cement hydrates, and genesis of clay minerals as well as the history and teaching of clay science. The 2e adds new information from the intervening 6 years and adds some important subjects to make this the most comprehensive and wide-ranging coverage of clay science in one source in the English language. - Provides up-to-date, comprehensive information in a single source - Covers applications of clays, as well as the instrumental analytical techniques - Provides a truly multidisciplinary approach to clay science
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080993710
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1748
Book Description
The first edition of the Handbook of Clay Science published in 2006 assembled the scattered literature on the varied and diverse aspects that make up the discipline of clay science. The topics covered range from the fundamental structures (including textures) and properties of clays and clay minerals, through their environmental, health and industrial applications, to their analysis and characterization by modern instrumental techniques. Also included are the clay-microbe interaction, layered double hydroxides, zeolites, cement hydrates, and genesis of clay minerals as well as the history and teaching of clay science. The 2e adds new information from the intervening 6 years and adds some important subjects to make this the most comprehensive and wide-ranging coverage of clay science in one source in the English language. - Provides up-to-date, comprehensive information in a single source - Covers applications of clays, as well as the instrumental analytical techniques - Provides a truly multidisciplinary approach to clay science
Electrochemistry Of Metalloporphyrins
Author: Karl M Kadish
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811267634
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 645
Book Description
This book is part of a series of ongoing volumes in the Series on Chemistry, Energy and the Environment, edited by Karl Kadish and Roger Guilard. The current volume on Electrochemistry of Metalloporphyrins covers all aspects of porphyrin electrochemistry in nonaqueous media and should be of benefit and interest to beginning graduate students as well as experienced researchers in many fields of porphyrin chemistry where electrochemistry is known to play a key role in influencing properties of the compounds as well as mechanisms and biological functions. The first half of the book is aimed at non-experts in the field of electrochemistry who would like to begin studies on porphyrin electrochemistry or understand the literature on porphyrin electrochemistry and this is then followed by detailed examples of how changes in the central metal ion of a given metalloporphyrin will affect its redox properties. The scope of the work covers the period in the literature between the mid-1960s and mid-2022 and expands greatly upon several earlier reviews by the senior author which are no longer in print and were never accessible in electronic form. This is the only book of its kind in the field which covers the basic electrochemistry of metalloporphyrins as well as describes the published data as a function of the central metal ion, considering all elements in the periodic table.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811267634
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 645
Book Description
This book is part of a series of ongoing volumes in the Series on Chemistry, Energy and the Environment, edited by Karl Kadish and Roger Guilard. The current volume on Electrochemistry of Metalloporphyrins covers all aspects of porphyrin electrochemistry in nonaqueous media and should be of benefit and interest to beginning graduate students as well as experienced researchers in many fields of porphyrin chemistry where electrochemistry is known to play a key role in influencing properties of the compounds as well as mechanisms and biological functions. The first half of the book is aimed at non-experts in the field of electrochemistry who would like to begin studies on porphyrin electrochemistry or understand the literature on porphyrin electrochemistry and this is then followed by detailed examples of how changes in the central metal ion of a given metalloporphyrin will affect its redox properties. The scope of the work covers the period in the literature between the mid-1960s and mid-2022 and expands greatly upon several earlier reviews by the senior author which are no longer in print and were never accessible in electronic form. This is the only book of its kind in the field which covers the basic electrochemistry of metalloporphyrins as well as describes the published data as a function of the central metal ion, considering all elements in the periodic table.
Handbook of Supercapacitor Materials
Author: Rajender Boddula
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527346872
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations Discover an innovative and fresh approach to teaching classical electromagnetics at a foundational level Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations delivers an accessible and practical approach to teaching the well-known topics all electromagnetics instructors must include in their syllabus. Based on the author???s decades of experience teaching the subject, the book is carefully tuned to be relevant to an audience of engineering students who have already been exposed to the basic curricula of linear algebra and multivariate calculus. Forming the backbone of the book, Maxwell???s equations are developed step-by-step in consecutive chapters, while related electromagnetic phenomena are discussed simultaneously. The author presents accompanying mathematical tools alongside the material provided in the book to assist students with retention and comprehension. The book contains over 100 solved problems and examples with stepwise solutions offered alongside them. An accompanying website provides readers with additional problems and solutions. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to preliminary concepts in the field, including scalar and vector fields, cartesian coordinate systems, basic vector operations, orthogonal coordinate systems, and electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetics An exploration of Gauss??? Law, including integral forms, differential forms, and boundary conditions A discussion of Ampere???s Law, including integral and differential forms and Stoke???s Theorem An examination of Faraday???s Law, including integral and differential forms and the Lorentz Force Law Perfect for third- and fourth-year undergraduate students in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, applied maths, physics, and computer science, Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and postgraduate students in any STEM program with applications in electromagnetics.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527346872
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations Discover an innovative and fresh approach to teaching classical electromagnetics at a foundational level Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations delivers an accessible and practical approach to teaching the well-known topics all electromagnetics instructors must include in their syllabus. Based on the author???s decades of experience teaching the subject, the book is carefully tuned to be relevant to an audience of engineering students who have already been exposed to the basic curricula of linear algebra and multivariate calculus. Forming the backbone of the book, Maxwell???s equations are developed step-by-step in consecutive chapters, while related electromagnetic phenomena are discussed simultaneously. The author presents accompanying mathematical tools alongside the material provided in the book to assist students with retention and comprehension. The book contains over 100 solved problems and examples with stepwise solutions offered alongside them. An accompanying website provides readers with additional problems and solutions. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to preliminary concepts in the field, including scalar and vector fields, cartesian coordinate systems, basic vector operations, orthogonal coordinate systems, and electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetics An exploration of Gauss??? Law, including integral forms, differential forms, and boundary conditions A discussion of Ampere???s Law, including integral and differential forms and Stoke???s Theorem An examination of Faraday???s Law, including integral and differential forms and the Lorentz Force Law Perfect for third- and fourth-year undergraduate students in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, applied maths, physics, and computer science, Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and postgraduate students in any STEM program with applications in electromagnetics.
Topics In Enantioselective Catalysis: Recent Achievements And Future Challenges
Author: Angela Marinetti
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811248443
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 501
Book Description
This book illustrates the broad field of enantioselective catalysis by highlighting a few topics, out of myriads, with the double aim to typify selected synthetic achievements and future challenges. Eleven research groups have highlighted topics of interest in either organo- or organometallic catalysis, related to their own expertise. For mature fields, these short chapters, far from being exhaustive, show updated overviews including major recent advances and disclose a few prospects. Other chapters focus on upcoming topics in enantioselective catalysis, i.e. on classes of reactions or families of catalysts that are expected to provide appealing synthetic tools when suitably mastered. For all these areas, recent studies demonstrate highly promising perspectives.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811248443
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 501
Book Description
This book illustrates the broad field of enantioselective catalysis by highlighting a few topics, out of myriads, with the double aim to typify selected synthetic achievements and future challenges. Eleven research groups have highlighted topics of interest in either organo- or organometallic catalysis, related to their own expertise. For mature fields, these short chapters, far from being exhaustive, show updated overviews including major recent advances and disclose a few prospects. Other chapters focus on upcoming topics in enantioselective catalysis, i.e. on classes of reactions or families of catalysts that are expected to provide appealing synthetic tools when suitably mastered. For all these areas, recent studies demonstrate highly promising perspectives.