Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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The Aircraft Environmental Support Office is one of four specialty offices within the Naval Environmental Protection Support Service which offers technical support to the naval community. The Aircraft Environmental Support office is primarily responsible for the management and distribution of emissions data for gaseous and particulate air pollutants from aircraft engines. This handbook, Particulate Emissions From Aircraft Engines, is a summary of particulate emissions data collected by the Aircraft Environmental Support Office since 1981. This handbook is intended for environmental personnel at military installations who must provide regulatory agencies with information about particulate matter emitted from their engine test facilities. Most users will find that the sections on visible emissions and particulate emission rates and concentrations contain all the information normally required to make permit applications, emission inventories and related regulatory documents. Also, the section on particle size distributions is appropriate to design applications. Together these sections provide a comprehensive treatment of particulate emissions from aircraft engines.
Author: Timothy C. Lieuwen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 052176405X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 385
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The development of clean, sustainable energy systems is a preeminent issue in our time. Gas turbines will continue to be important combustion-based energy conversion devices for many decades to come, used for aircraft propulsion, ground-based power generation, and mechanical-drive applications. This book compiles the key scientific and technological knowledge associated with gas turbine emissions into a single authoritative source.
Author: National Industrial Pollution Control Council
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This ARP6320 document revision provides updated nvPM mass calibration and System Operability information. The nvPM mass calibration data reduction method has been revised, and additional detail supplied on the use of splitters for nvPMmi calibration. Both the Diluter1 temperature control and the Dilution Factor 2 check method 1 have been revised. The "nvPM System Compliance and Operational Checklists" Excel spreadsheet is now presented as two separate checklist documents to simplify use: nvPM System Compliance Checklists v1_4 and nvPM Operations Compliance Checklists v1_4. Additional cross-references to ICAO Annex 16 Volume II1 are now included in both checklists.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 33
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The U.S. military spends approximately about $3.5 billion (2003 dollars) per year for aviation fuel. This corresponds to 3 to 4 billion gallons per year (~10% of total U.S. aviation fuel use). The fleet average emission index for particulate matter (PM) has been estimated to be approximately 0.04 g/kg of fuel burned. The total amount of particulate emissions for aircraft in the United States is estimated at 3 million kg per year. Although there is some uncertainty in these estimates, they are consistent with the magnitude being used to estimate global emissions from aircraft (Niedzwiecki, 1998). Airborne particles pose both health and environmental risks. The health effects of particulate matter are related to its ability to penetrate the respiratory system. Particulate matter 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) can enter the lungs and end up in lung capillaries and air sacs (alveoli), causing a variety of respiratory problems. Particulate emissions contribute to environmental problems such as visibility impairment (haze) and may contribute to increased signature (infrared emissions) from military aircraft, thus increasing aircraft detectability/vulnerability in enemy territory. Gas turbine engines and ground support equipment are major local sources of PM2.5 particles. The health and environmental concerns from particulate emissions motivated this work to evaluate the use of the +100 (BetzDearborn SpecAid 8Q462) additive in jet fuel as a means to reduce the particulate emissions from military gas turbine engines. The +100 additive was developed to increase the thermal stability of JP-8 fuel in order to reduce carbon buildup in fuel system components and injection nozzles. Mostly military aircraft (~3,000) are currently using the +100 additive; however, the additive is also suitable for commercial aircraft due to the similarities of JP-8 and Jet A.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Author: E-31G Gaseous Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) standardizes test equipment and procedures for the measurement of smoke emission from aircraft gas turbine engines. The procedures included are for determining and reporting the amount of smoke emission. Tests have indicated that the practically achievable precision of the smoke number is within ±3 when the system is properly used as outlined herein. This procedure is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode. ARP1179 was originally developed in 1970 (with subsequent updates) as the measurement technique for Smoke Number (SN) that has been used as the basis of regulatory standards for ensuring that the exhaust plumes from aircraft engines are essentially non-visible. It has, and still does, serve this purpose.More recent concerns relate to the health and climate impacts of particulate matter emitted by aircraft engines. Particle size, number and mass are all seen as relevant parameters as is the issue of "volatility".The SAE E-31 Committee is currently using all its resources in developing a new ARP on the mass and number measurement of non-volatile particles at the exhaust of aircraft engines.Hence the Committee recommends keeping ARP1179 as it still serves its purpose of quantifying the visibility at the exhaust of aircraft engines; it does not recommend any revision of it.
Author: E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 1533 is a procedure for the analysis and evaluation of the measured composition of the exhaust gas from aircraft engines. Measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbon, and the oxides of nitrogen are used to deduce emission indices, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and exhaust gas thermodynamic properties. The emission indices (EI) are the parameters of critical interest to the engine developers and the atmospheric emissions regulatory agencies because they relate engine performance to environmental impact.While this procedure is intended to guide the analysis and evaluation of the emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines, the methodology may be applied to the analysis of the exhaust products of any hydrocarbon / air combustor. Some successful applications include: Aircraft engine combustor development rig tests (aviation kerosene fueled) Stationary source combustor development rig tests (natural gas and diesel fueled) Afterburning military engine tests (JP fueled) Internal combustion aircraft engine diagnostics (AVGAS fueled)Each application may be characterized by very different measured emissions levels (parts per million versus percent by volume) but this common approach solves the same basic combustion chemical equation.This revision of ARP1533 assumes that major advances will occur in gas analysis technology in the near future. New instruments will be accepted by the regulatory agencies such that it will no longer be appropriate to specify the measurement method for each chemical species.The matrix method of solving the combustion chemical equation is recommended because of all the potential variations in exhaust gas measurement requirements. Changes in the fuel type, addition of diluents, addition of measured species, and options for wet or dry basis measurements are most easily handled by revising individual matrix row equations. Matrix solution software is widely available on personal computers. However, derivation of the algebraic solution of the chemical equation is retained for traceability to previous versions of this document. New sections have been added to this document that pertain to data quality checks, measurement uncertainty, and water content calculations.
Author: John Edward Stevens
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Turbines
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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