Operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells on Anaerobically Derived Wastewater Treatment Plant Biogas PDF Download
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Author: Jillian Lackey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 302
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Book Description
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have been researched for operation on anaerobic digester (AD)-derived biogas at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). SOFCs can perform well on light hydrocarbon fuels and the use of AD-derived biogas provides an opportunity for biogas to be used as a renewable fuel. Tests were conducted at three levels of H2 dilution (using N2, Ar and CO2 as diluent gases, plus H2O) to examine the performance of tubular SOFCs. When gases that are inert in SOFC reactions are used there is a decrease in cell performance. When CO2 was used the decrease in cell performance was higher due to the reverse water-gas shift (WGS) reaction reducing the partial pressure of H2. A computer simulation was developed to predict SOFC system efficiency and GHG emissions. The simulation indicated that the system electrical efficiency is higher for a S/C ratio of 2 then a S/C ratio of 1 due to the increased partial pressure of H2 in the reformate. The reduction in GHG emissions is estimated to be approximately 2,400 tonnes CO2, 60 kg CH4 and 18 kg N2O, annually. Testing was conducted using a simulated biogas reformate mixture that was developed through a research initiative in which urban areas with populations over 150,000 in the United States and 50,000 in Canada were solicited to participate in a survey of biogas composition. The biogas reformate composition was determined to be 66.7% H2, 16.1% CO, 16.5% CO2 and 0.7% N2, which was then humidified to 2.3 and 20 mol% H2O. The reformate tests conducted at the higher humidification level yielded a better performance than those at the lower humidification because the WGS reaction produced more H2 when additional H2O was provided. It was concluded that WWTP AD-derived biogas, when cleaned effectively to remove H2S, Si compounds, halides and other contaminants, could be reformed to provide a clean, renewable fuel for SOFCs. Biogas/SOFC systems could provide electricity and heat to WWTPs, as well as reduce GHG emissions, thus reducing their energy costs and environmental impact.
Author: Jillian Lackey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 302
Get Book Here
Book Description
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have been researched for operation on anaerobic digester (AD)-derived biogas at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). SOFCs can perform well on light hydrocarbon fuels and the use of AD-derived biogas provides an opportunity for biogas to be used as a renewable fuel. Tests were conducted at three levels of H2 dilution (using N2, Ar and CO2 as diluent gases, plus H2O) to examine the performance of tubular SOFCs. When gases that are inert in SOFC reactions are used there is a decrease in cell performance. When CO2 was used the decrease in cell performance was higher due to the reverse water-gas shift (WGS) reaction reducing the partial pressure of H2. A computer simulation was developed to predict SOFC system efficiency and GHG emissions. The simulation indicated that the system electrical efficiency is higher for a S/C ratio of 2 then a S/C ratio of 1 due to the increased partial pressure of H2 in the reformate. The reduction in GHG emissions is estimated to be approximately 2,400 tonnes CO2, 60 kg CH4 and 18 kg N2O, annually. Testing was conducted using a simulated biogas reformate mixture that was developed through a research initiative in which urban areas with populations over 150,000 in the United States and 50,000 in Canada were solicited to participate in a survey of biogas composition. The biogas reformate composition was determined to be 66.7% H2, 16.1% CO, 16.5% CO2 and 0.7% N2, which was then humidified to 2.3 and 20 mol% H2O. The reformate tests conducted at the higher humidification level yielded a better performance than those at the lower humidification because the WGS reaction produced more H2 when additional H2O was provided. It was concluded that WWTP AD-derived biogas, when cleaned effectively to remove H2S, Si compounds, halides and other contaminants, could be reformed to provide a clean, renewable fuel for SOFCs. Biogas/SOFC systems could provide electricity and heat to WWTPs, as well as reduce GHG emissions, thus reducing their energy costs and environmental impact.
Author: Andrea Gilardoni
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319713361
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 354
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Book Description
This book describes the water sector as it is structured in Italy, presenting innovative engineering, financial and managerial solutions implemented by the Italian water sector, through the experiences of its major stakeholders. The main themes addressed include water regulation, financing infrastructures, economic performance of the leading companies, abstraction, potabilization, distribution, treatment and purification technologies, energy production, and organizational restructuring. The last part of the work presents company profiles with important financial indicators, as well as future strategic postures. Written by leading Italian experts, the book reflects the remarkable advances that have been made in the field of water governance and environmental management. The book is especially valuable for researchers, water professionals, utility managers, as well as policy makers and foreign investors looking for opportunities. This work has been prepared as part of the research activities of the Observatory on Sustainable Water Industry, one of Agici’s Research and Advisory units.
Author: M. Williams
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
ISBN: 1566777291
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 726
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Book Description
The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented at the 2008 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition, held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 27 to October 31, 2008.
Author: Mahdi Sharifzadeh
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128154292
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 576
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Book Description
Design and Operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: The Systems Engineering Vision for Industrial Application presents a comprehensive, critical and accessible review of the latest research in the field of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). As well as discussing the theoretical aspects of the field, the book explores a diverse range of power applications, such as hybrid power plants, polygeneration, distributed electricity generation, energy storage and waste management—all with a focus on modeling and computational skills. Dr. Sharifzadeh presents the associated risks and limitations throughout the discussion, providing a very complete and thorough analysis of SOFCs and their control and operation in power plants. The first of its kind, this book will be of particular interest to energy engineers, industry experts and academic researchers in the energy, power and transportation industries, as well as those working and researching in the chemical, environmental and material sectors. - Closes the gap between various power engineering disciples by considering a diverse variety of applications and sectors - Presents and reviews a variety of modeling techniques and considers regulations throughout - Includes CFD modeling examples and process simulation and optimization programming guidance
Author: Maria Turco
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319032151
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 175
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Book Description
This book reports on the most recent applications of processes with a particular focus on the source and the properties of biogas and on the characteristics of the fuel cells (FCs). It describes adsorbing materials of potential interest are reviewed and the preparation methods and treatments employed to improve the adsorption properties as well as the stability and regenerability. The characterization of the chemical and physical properties involved in these processes is examined in particular detail. The book also covers aspects that concern the development of the adsorption apparatus with particular attention on the target of low residual concentration and high selectivity.High temperature FCs, such as molten carbonates (MCFCs) or solid oxides (SOFCs), are efficient, with a low environmental impact, and they can use a wide variety of fuels, such as biogas. The presence of some poisonous compounds such as sulphides, halides, and siloxanes can react with electrode catalysts and electrolyte, leading to the degradation and short lifetime of the cell. The treatment of raw biogas to obtain a FC-compatible fuel is mainly based on adsorption processes on suitable materials.
Author: Christian Tasser
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3638690695
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Book Description
Scientific Essay from the year 2006 in the subject Environmental Sciences, , language: English, abstract: Prompted by potential benefits, such as improved digester performance, increased process reliability, higher digester gas volumes and gas quality, expanding wastewater treatment plants are evaluating the feasibility of implementing phased anaerobic digestion. Regional wastewater treatment plants in the USA and recently also in Europe have completed years of successful operation of two-phased anaerobic digestion facilities generating higher biogas yields and through cogeneration renewable electrical energy.
Author: Jakub Kupecki
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319756028
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Book Description
The book summarizes the current state of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology in power generation applications. It describes the single cells, SOFC stacks, micro-combined heat and power systems, large-scale stationary power generators and polygeneration units. The principles of modeling, simulation and controls of power systems with solid oxide fuel cells are presented and discussed. Authors provide theoretical background of the technology followed by the essential insights into the integrated power systems. Selected aspects of the design, construction and operation of power units in range from single kilowatts to hundreds of kilowatts are presented. Finally, the book reports the selected studies on prototype systems which have been constructed in Europe. The book discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of operation of power generators with solid oxide fuel cells including fabrication of cells, design of stacks, system modeling, simulation of stationary and non-stationary operation of systems, fuel preparation and controls.
Author: Anish Khan
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0128235276
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 540
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Book Description
Advanced Technology for the Conversion of Waste into Fuels and Chemicals: Volume 1: Biological Processes presents advanced and combined techniques that can be used to convert waste to energy, including combustion, gasification, paralysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation. The book focuses on solid waste conversion to fuel and energy and presents the latest advances in the design, manufacture, and application of conversion technologies. Contributors from the fields of physics, chemistry, metallurgy, engineering and manufacturing present a truly trans-disciplinary picture of the field. Chapters cover important aspects surrounding the conversion of solid waste into fuel and chemicals, describing how valuable energy can be recouped from various waste materials. As huge volumes of solid waste are produced globally while huge amounts of energy are produced from fossil fuels, the technologies described in this comprehensive book provide the information necessary to pursue clean, sustainable power from waste material. - Presents the latest advances in waste to energy techniques for converting solid waste to valuable fuel and energy - Brings together contributors from physics, chemistry, metallurgy, engineering and the manufacturing industry - Includes advanced techniques such as combustion, gasification, paralysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation - Goes far beyond municipal waste, including discussions on recouping valuable energy from a variety of industrial waste materials - Describes how waste to energy technologies present an enormous opportunity for clean, sustainable energy
Author: Yu Liu
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1789060079
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
The principle of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) for municipal wastewater treatment is primarily based on biological oxidation by which organic matters are converted to biomass and carbon dioxide. After more than 100 years’ successful application, the CAS process is receiving increasing critiques on its high energy consumption and excessive sludge generation. Currently, almost all municipal wastewater treatment plants with the CAS as a core process are being operated in an energy-negative fashion. To tackle such challenging situations, there is a need to re-examine the present wastewater treatment philosophy by developing and adopting novel process configurations and emerging technologies. The solutions going forward should rely on the ways to improve direct energy recovery from wastewater, while minimizing in-plant energy consumption. This book begins with a critical overview of the energy situation and challenges in current municipal wastewater treatment plants, showing the necessity of the paradigm shift from removal to recovery in terms of energy and resource. As such, the concept of A-B process is discussed in detail in the book. It appears that various A-B process configurations are able to provide possible engineering solutions in which A-stage is primarily designed for COD capture with the aim for direct anaerobic treatment without producing excessive biosludge, while B-stage is designated for nitrogen removal. Making the wastewater treatment energy self-sustainable is obviously of global significance and eventually may become a game changer for the global market of the municipal wastewater reclamation technology. The principal audiences include practitioners, professionals, university researchers, undergraduate and postgraduate students who are interested and specialized in municipal wastewater treatment and process design, environmental engineering, and environmental biotechnology.
Author: Jakub Kupecki
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030092757
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The book summarizes the current state of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology in power generation applications. It describes the single cells, SOFC stacks, micro-combined heat and power systems, large-scale stationary power generators and polygeneration units. The principles of modeling, simulation and controls of power systems with solid oxide fuel cells are presented and discussed. Authors provide theoretical background of the technology followed by the essential insights into the integrated power systems. Selected aspects of the design, construction and operation of power units in range from single kilowatts to hundreds of kilowatts are presented. Finally, the book reports the selected studies on prototype systems which have been constructed in Europe. The book discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of operation of power generators with solid oxide fuel cells including fabrication of cells, design of stacks, system modeling, simulation of stationary and non-stationary operation of systems, fuel preparation and controls.
