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Author: Zahari Zlatev
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Zahari Zlatev
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Zahari Zlatev
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401103119
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 367
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Book Description
"Models are often the only way of interpreting measurements to in vestigate long-range transport, and this is the reason for the emphasis on them in many research programs". B. E. A. Fisher: "A review of the processes and models of long-range transport of air pollutants", Atmospheric Environment, 17(1983), p. 1865. Mathematical models are (potentially, at least) powerful means in the efforts to study transboundary transport of air pollutants, source-receptor relationships and efficient ways of reducing the air pollution to acceptable levels. A mathematical model is a complicated matter, the development of which is based on the use of (i) various mechanisms describing mathematically the physical and chemical properties of the studied phenomena, (ii) different mathematical tools (first and foremost, partial differenti al equations), (iii) various numerical methods, (iv) computers (especially, high-speed computers), (v) statistical approaches, (vi) fast and efficient visualization and animation techniques, (vii) fast methods for manipulation with huge sets of data (input data, intermediate data and output data).
Author: Zahari Zlatev
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401145709
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 400
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Book Description
1. Contents of these proceedings. These proceedings contain most of the papers which were presented at the NATO ARW (Advanced Research Workshop) on "Large Scale Computations in Air Pollution Modelling". The workshop was held, from June 6 to June to, 1998, in Residence Bistritza, a beautiful site near Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, and at the foot of the mountain Vitosha. 2. Participants in the NATO ARW. Scientists from 23 countries in Europe, North America and Asia attended the meeting and participated actively in the discussions. The total number of participants was 57. The main topic of the discussions was the role of the large mathematical models in resolving difficult problems connected with the protection of our environment. 3. Major topics discussed at the workshop. The protection of our environment is one of the most important problems facing modern society. The importance of this problem has steadily increased during the last two-three decades, and environment protection will become even more important in the next century. Reliable and robust control strategies for keeping the pollution caused by harmful chemical compounds under certain safe levels have to be developed and used in a routine way. Large mathematical models, in which all important physical and chemical processes are adequately described, can successfully be used to solve this task.
Author: István Faragó
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9781402033490
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 428
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Book Description
The protection of our environment is one of the major problems in the society. More and more important physical and chemical mechanisms are to be added to the air pollution models. Moreover, new reliable and robust control strategies for keeping the pollution caused by harmful compounds under certain safe levels have to be developed and used in a routine way. Well based and correctly analyzed large mathematical models can successfully be used to solve this task. The use of such models leads to the treatment of huge computational tasks. The efficient solution of such problems requires combined research from specialists working in different fields. The aim of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (NATO ARW) entitled “Advances in Air Pollution Modeling for Environmental Security” was to invite specialists from all areas related to large-scale air pollution modeling and to exchange information and plans for future actions towards improving the reliability and the scope of application of the existing air pollution models and tools. This ARW was planned to be an interdisciplinary event, which provided a forum for discussions between physicists, meteorologists, chemists, computer scientists and specialists in numerical analysis about different ways for improving the performance and the quality of the results of different air pollution models.
Author: I. Dimov
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 19
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Book Description
The air pollution, and especially the reduction of the air pollution to some acceptable levels, is an important environmental problem, which will become even more important in the next 10-20 years. This problem can successfully be studied only when high-resolution comprehensive models are developed and used on a routinely basis. However, such models are very time-consuming, also when modern high-speed computers are available. Indeed, if an air pollution model is to be applied on a large space domain by using fine grids, then its discretization will always lead to huge computational problems. Assume, for example, that the space domain is discretized by using a (480×480) grid and that the number of chemical species studied by the model is 35. Then several systems of ordinary differential equations containing 8064000 equations have to be treated at every time-step (the number of time-steps being typically several thousand). If a three-dimensional version of the same air pollution model is to be used, then the above figure must be multiplied by the number of layers. It is extremely difficult to treat such large computational problems; even when the fastest computers that are available at present are used.There is an additional great difficulty which is very often underestimated (or even neglected) when large application packages are moved from sequential computers to modern parallel machines. The high-speed computers have normally a very complicated memory architecture and, therefore, the task of producing an efficient code for the particular high-speed computer that is available is both extremely hard and very laborious.The use of standard parallelization tools in the solution of the problems sketched above is discussed in this paper. Results obtained on different types of parallel computers are given. It is demonstrated that the new efficient parallel algorithms allow us to solve more problems and bigger problems.
Author: Nicolas Moussiopoulos
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662052172
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
Urban areas are major sources of air pollution. Pollutant emissions affecting air quality in cities are considered to have adverse consequences for human health. Public and government concern about environmental issues arising from urban air pollution has increased over the last decades. The urban air pollution problem is widespread throughout the world and it is important to find ways of eliminating or at least reducing the risks for human health. The fundamentals of the physical and chemical processes occurring during air pollutant transport in the atmosphere are nowadays understood to a large extent. In particular, modelling of such processes has experienced a remarkable growth in the last decades. Monitoring capabilities have also improved markedly in the most urban areas around the world. However, neither modelling nor monitoring can solve urban air pollution problems, as they are only a first step in improving useful information for future regulations. The defining of efficient control strategies can not be achieved without a clear knowledge of the complete pollution process, i.e. emission, atmospheric transport and transformation, and deposition at the receptor. Improving our ability to establish valid urban scale source-receptor relation ships has been the objective of SA TURN, one of the 14 subprojects of EURO TRAC-2. Similar to the other subprojects of this co-ordinated environmental pro ject within the EUREKA initiative, SA TURN brought together international groups of scientists to work on problems directly related to atmospheric chemistry and physics. The present volume summarises the scientific results of SATURN.
Author: Zahari Zlatev
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
The horizontal advection is one of the most important physical processes in an air pollution model. While it is clear how to describe mathematically this process, the computer treatment of the arising first-order partial differential equation (PDE) causes great difficulties. It is assumed that the spatial derivatives in this equation are discretized either by finite differences or by finite elements. This results in a very large system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical treatment of this system of ODEs is based on the application of a set of predictor-corrector (PC) schemes with different absolute stability properties. The PC schemes can be varied during the time-integration. Schemes, which are computationally cheaper, are selected when the stability requirements are not stringent. If the stability requirements are stringent, then schemes that are more time-consuming, but also have better stability properties, are chosen. Some norms of the wind velocity vectors are calculated and used in the check of the stability requirements. Reductions of the time-step size are avoided (or, at least, reduced considerably) when the PC schemes are appropriately varied. This leads to an increase of the efficiency of the computations in the treatment of large-scale air pollution models. The procedure is rather general and can also be used in the computer treatment of other large-scale problems arising in different fields of science and engineering.
Author: P. Zannetti
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 147574465X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
Finishing this book is giving me a mixture of relief, satisfaction and frus tration. Relief, for the completion of a project that has taken too many of my evenings and weekends and that, in the last several months, has become almost an obsession. Satisfaction, for the optimistic feeling that this book, in spite of its many shortcomings and imbalances, will be of some help to the air pollution scientific community. Frustration, for the impossibility of incorporating newly available material that would require another major review of several key chap ters - an effort that is currently beyond my energies but not beyond my desires. The first canovaccio of this book came out in 1980 when I was invited by Computational Mechanics in the United Kingdom to give my first Air Pollution Modeling course. The course material, in the form of transparencies, expanded, year after year, thus providing a growing working basis. In 1985, the ECC Joint Research Center in Ispra, Italy, asked me to prepare a critical survey of mathe matical models of atmospheric pollution, transport and deposition. This support gave me the opportunity to prepare a sort of "first draft" of the book, which I expanded in the following years.
Author: Sudheer Pai K. L.
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659681271
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 268
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Book Description
Different kinds of two-dimensional numerical models of primary and secondary pollutants with removal mechanisms are presented in detail in this book. The effect of air pollution with reference to area source and point source along with large scale and mesoscale wind velocity profiles are discussed in detail. One of the important atmospheric phenomena is the conversion of air pollutants from gaseous to particulate form. The primary pollutants which are emitted directly to the atmosphere are converted into secondary pollutants by means of chemical reaction. The effect of removal mechanisms such as dry deposition, gravitational settling are also discussed. The governing partial differential equations of primary and secondary pollutants are solved by using Crank-Nicolson implicit finite difference technique. Consistency, stability and convergence criteria have been tested for the numerical scheme used in various models. Concentration contours are plotted and the results are analyzed for primary and secondary pollutants in stable and neutral atmospheric conditions for various meteorological parameters and transformation processes.
Author: Zahari Zlatev
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080462480
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
Many large mathematical models, not only models arising and used in environmental studies, are described by systems of partial differential equations. The discretization of the spatial derivatives in such models leads to the solution of very large systems of ordinary differential equations. These systems contain many millions of equations and have to be handled over large time intervals by applying many time-steps (up to several hundred thousand time-steps). Furthermore, many scenarios are as a rule to be run. This explains the fact that the computational tasks in this situation are enormous. Therefore, it is necessary to select fast numerical methods; to develop parallel codes and, what is most important when the problems solved are very large to organize the computational process in a proper way.The last item (which is very often underestimated but, let us re-iterate, which is very important) is the major topic of this book. In fact, the proper organization of the computational process can be viewed as a preparation of templates which can be used with different numerical methods and different parallel devices. The development of such templates is described in the book. It is also demonstrated that many comprehensive environmental studies can successfully be carried out when the computations are correctly organized. Thus, this book will help the reader to understand better that, while (a) it is very important to select fast numerical methods as well as (b) it is very important to develop parallel codes, this will not be sufficient when the problems solved are really very large. In the latter case, it is also crucial to exploit better the computer architecture by organizing properly the computational process. Use of templates in connection with the treatment of very large models Performance of comprehensive environmental studies Obtaining reliable and robust information about pollution levels Studying the impact of future climatic changes on high pollution levels Investigating trends related to critical levels of pollution
