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Author: Harold W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant growing media
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Author: Harold W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant growing media
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant growing media
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Author: H. W. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reflection (Optics).
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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The spectral reflectance of snow in the range of 0.60 to 2.50 micrometers wavelengths was studied in a cold laboratory using natural snow and simulated preparations of snow. A white barium sulfate powder was used as the standard for comparison. The high reflectance (usually nearly 100%) of fresh natural snow in the visible wavelength declines rapidly at wavelengths near and beyond 0.80 micrometers, as the spectral absorption coefficients of ice increase. The rate of decline of near-infrared reflectance due to aging is strongly affected by the history of the snow during aging. Snow aged under certain conditions may retain 90% or so of its reflectance in the visible red, yet may be only about 10% as reflective as the original fresh snow beyond 2.2 micrometers. Several environmental factors such as ambient temperature and wind effects which contribute to the variability in snow reflectance are discussed.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 836
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cold regions
Languages : en
Pages : 686
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Author: H.G. Jones
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400939477
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 748
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In recent years, much concern has been expressed on the deleterious effects that anthropogenic emissions of acidic pollutants have on ecosystems of both industrialized countries and remote areas of the world. In many of these regions, seasonal snowcover is a major factor in the transfer of atmospheric pollutants, either to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems or to the more permanent reservoirs of glaciers and ice sheets. The recognition of the role that seasonal snowcovers can thus play in the chemical dynamics of whole ecosystems was recently echoed by the Committee on Glaciology of the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine) which recommended that studies on "Impurities in the snowpack, their discharge into runoff, and management of the problem" be rated at the highest prority level (ref. a). It is in this context that the Advanced Research Institute (ASI) brought together scientists active in the fields of snow physics, snow chemistry and snow hydrology. The programme was structured so as to facilitate the exchange of information and ideas on the theories for the chemical evolution of seasonal snowcovers and snowmelt and on the impact of the chemical composition of the meltwaters on the different components of hydrological systems. As a consequence the ASI also attracted participants from potential users of the information that was disseminated; these were particularly concerned with the effects of snowmelt and snowcover on terrestrial biota and those of lakes and streams.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Cold regions
Languages : en
Pages : 250
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Author: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cold regions
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Author: C. J. Merry
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydrologic models
Languages : en
Pages : 84
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Measurements of snow depth and its water equivalent were obtained at 11 snow courses in the Allagash, Maine, area in conjunction with acquisition of five Landsat-2 and -3 images during the 1977-78 and 1978-79 winters. To test a hypothesis that Landsat reflected radiance values on a regional scale do change, histograms of the Landsat MSS band 7 reflected radiance values for a 300- x 300-pixel (420 sq km) area near Allagash were evaluated to quantify the change. A statistical description (skewness and kurtosis) of the histogram for each scene was developed and and then correlated with ground measurements of snow depth. The Lansat date were then re-examined and corrections were made for solar elevation and MSS sensor calibration. Reflected radiance from open areas showed a consistent increase in intensity with increasing snow depth. Forested land cover classes did not change with snow depth. Digital imagery data acquired 31 May 1978 when the land was snow-free was used to classify land cover categories. Ground truth measurements of water equivalent of the snow cover were are-weighted using the land cover classification to derive regional values on each of the five Lansat winter scenes. The 1 March 1978 snow measurement of 19.46 cm of water equivalent was used as an input value to the SSARR model. The SSARR prediction for the 1 March-31 May 1978 period was within 78% of the measured runoff for the initial baseflow period and within 66% measured for the spring melt recession period. Keywords: Hydrologic modeling.
Author: Anil Vishnupant Kulkarni
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reflectance
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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