Author: L. Bramwell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Author: Walter E. Müller
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889634566
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 129

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The purpose of this Research Topic is to discuss the latest developments in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging represents the major risk factor of the two most relevant neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is generally accepted that symptoms of PD correlate with the severity of degeneration of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons. In most cases neuronal loss during aging is not sufficient to cause clinical symptoms but only leads to a preclinical state of PD. However, in a small number of our population, neurodegeneration by aging gets accelerated by individual (e.g. brain injuries), environmental (e.g. toxins) and genetic (e.g. mutations of the alpha-synuclein gene) factors to reach the critical threshold for clinical symptoms during lifetime. Thus, neurodegeneration in PD appears to represent the common final pathway of “normal brain aging” and all other risk factors including genetics and the accumulation of the neurotoxic alpha-synuclein protein. While aging alone is generally agreed to be sufficient for at least the preclinical state of PD, the situation in AD seems to be different. Aging as the major and well documented risk factor of AD has been neglected for decades. Biochemical mechanisms of brain aging and the cognitive deficits of “normal brain aging” were seen as two not related and independent processes not related to AD. AD has always been characterized for decades by the presence of histopathological alterations (extracellular amyloid- containing plaques and intracellular tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau-protein), by neurodegeneration (synaptic deficits and finally neuronal loss), as well as by severe cognitive deficits clinically often accompanied by neuropsychiatric symptoms like delusions, as already described in the first famous patient Auguste D at the Psychiatric Hospital of Frankfurt. If or if not one or both of the two histopathological hallmarks play a causative role remains unclear until now. The discovery of homocygotic risk genes in most of the very rare (probably less than 1%) cases of early onset AD which share increased production of β-amyloid (Aβ) as one (but probably not the only one) common property led to the hypothesis of Aβ as the major causative factor for the development of AD. It was neglected that plaques density in the brain of AD patients did not correlate with presence and severity of clinical symptoms, while synaptic deficits did so even in first observations already published many years ago. Based on the Amyloid hypothesis, many drug treatments to remove Aβ plaques were developed. Even if all seemed to remove Aβ to some extent, all strategies failed to improve the symptoms of dementia. Thus, other concepts to explain the development of clinical symptoms of AD over time are needed. These should include the brain aging process not only as a statistical but also as a causative contributing factor. These concepts should not only relay on cell or animal models but should much more take into account the disease and the patients. A closer look at the situation in PD will certainly be helpful.

Author: Daniel Muñoz-Espin
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030449033
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 226

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This book offers comprehensive information on the new and rapidly evolving science of identifying and targeting senescent cells, and on the exciting prospect of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for stopping, and even reversing, the progression of disease and the deterioration of the human body due to ageing. According to recent United Nations data, by 2050 one in six people worldwide will be older than age 65, with peaks rising to one in four people in Europe and North America. Remarkably, the number of persons aged 80 years or older is expected to triple, from 143 million in 2019 to 426 million in 2050. First documented in the 1960s, the concept of cellular senescence as an underlying cause of ageing has been established in the course of the last decade. Using genetically engineered mouse models, researchers have demonstrated that the selective elimination of senescent cells can block and even reverse a number of age-related dysfunctions and pathologies, promoting both better health and longer life in the elderly. These include cardiovascular diseases; neurological disorders; type 1 and type 2 diabetes; inflammatory diseases; fibrosis; geriatric syndromes; chronic diseases resulting in organ dysfunction; the integrity of the musculoskeletal system; and cancer. Some senolytic agents have already progressed into trials. These include UBX0101 for the treatment of osteoarthritis (now in phase II), a cocktail of dasatinib and quercetin for the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic kidney disease, and ABT-263 in combination with senescence-inducing chemotherapies for the treatment of advanced solid tumours. In addition, the book discusses pathways to early phase clinical trials and translational approaches in medicine and ageing, highlighting new opportunities as well as current limitations, challenges and alternatives. Given its scope, it will benefit a broad audience of advanced educators, researchers, graduate students and practitioners.

Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128241594
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 384

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Book Description
Advances in Cancer Research, Volume 150, the latest release in this ongoing series, covers the relationship(s) between autophagy and senescence, how they are defined, and the influence of these cellular responses on tumor dormancy and disease recurrence. Specific sections in this new release include Autophagy and senescence, converging roles in pathophysiology, Cellular senescence and tumor promotion: role of the unfolded protein response, autophagy and senescence in cancer stem cells, Targeting the stress support network regulated by autophagy and senescence for cancer treatment, Autophagy and PTEN in DNA damage-induced senescence, mTOR as a senescence manipulation target: A forked road, and more. Addresses the relationship between autophagy and senescence in cancer therapy Covers autophagy and senescence in tumor dormancy Explores autophagy and senescence in disease recurrence

Author: Felipe Sierra
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319232460
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 637

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Book Description
This book provides the first comprehensive overview of a new scientific discipline termed Geroscience. Geroscience examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that might explain why aging is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases affecting the elderly population. Over the past few decades, researchers have made impressive progress in understanding the genetics, biology and physiology of aging. This book presents vital research that can help readers to better understand how aging is a critical malleable risk factor in most chronic diseases, which, in turn, could lead to interventions that can help increase a healthy lifespan, or ‘healthspan.’ The book begins with an analysis of the Geroscience hypothesis, as well as the epidemiological underpinnings that define aging as a candidate main risk factor for most chronic diseases. Next, each chapter focuses on one particular disease, or group of diseases, with an emphasis on how basic molecular and cellular biology might explain why aging is a major risk factor for it. Coverage in the book includes: cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementias, stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s diseases, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes asthma, emphysema, kidney disease, vision impairment, and AIDS/HIV. It finishes with a chapter on pain in the elderly and an overview of future steps needed to bring the newly acquired knowledge into the clinic and the public at large.

Author: Marcello Locatelli
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 303921084X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 308

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Book Description
The present Special Issue, “Innovative Extraction Techniques and Hyphenated Instrument Configuration for Complex Matrices Analysis”, aims to collect and to disseminate some of the most significant and recent contributions in the interdisciplinary area of innovative extraction procedures from complex matrices followed by validated analytical methods using hyphenated instrument configurations to support the optimization of the whole process and the scale-up possibility

Author: Qianjin Lu
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128012722
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 525

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Book Description
Epigenetics and Dermatology explores the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related skin diseases and skin cancer. Leading contributors cover common and uncommon skin conditions in which extensive epigenetic research has been done. They explain how environmental exposures (chemicals, drugs, sunlight, diet, stress, smoking, infection, etc.) in all stages of life (from a fetus in-utero to an elderly person) may result in epigenetic changes that lead to development of some skin diseases in life. They also discuss the possibilities of new and emergent epigenetic treatments which are gradually being adopted in management of various skin diseases. Chapters follow a conventional structure, covering fundamental biology of the disease condition, etiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, commonly available treatments, and epigenetic therapy where applicable. Discusses the basic biology of skin diseases and skin cancers induced or aggravated by aberrant epigenetic changes Evaluates how to approach autoimmune-related skin diseases from a therapeutic perspective using the wealth of emergent epigenetic clinical trials Offers a coherent and structured table of contents with basic epigenetic biology followed by discussion of the spectrum of rheumatologic through neoplastic skin diseases, finally ending with a discourse on epigenetic therapy

Author: August Weismann
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Evolution
Languages : en
Pages : 498

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Author: Frederic Bost
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889634078
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 134

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Author: David M. Dines
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 1626233616
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 568

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Book Description
This masterful book from top experts provides clinical insights on reverse shoulder arthroplasty gleaned from hands-on refinement of shoulder replacement techniques. Years of significant biomechanical and clinical research yielded invaluable knowledge that led to important improvements in functional outcome and implant durability. Among these refinements were stronger polyethylene derivatives, better ingrowth technology, and improved connection devices. As the durability and longevity of implant technology increased, younger active patients became suitable candidates for this procedure. In fact, RSA has played a pivotal role in making shoulder arthroplasty the fastest growing implant technology. In the first two sections, the authors take the reader through the history and evolution of RSA, followed by step-by-step surgical techniques for specific injuries and conditions. The next three sections discuss past and recent outcomes, complications, and rehabilitation. The last section covers special considerations including patient specific instrumentation, convertible humeral and glenoid components, and the future potential of stemless humeral technology. Key Features The latest trends in patient-specific components, guide systems, and instrument design The use of RSA for rotator cuff repair, shoulder arthritis, and acute and complex fractures In-depth discussion of techniques to improve deltoid function, avoid impingement, and increase implant longevity Clinical pearls on how to recognize and handle complications that occur: instability, infection, scapular notching, component loosening, glenoid and humeral bone loss, and RSA failure High quality videos and 300 superb illustrations further delineate techniques This book is a practical resource that enables learning complex procedures, putting them into practice, and handling complications should they arise. It is an essential tool for all orthopaedic surgeons who treat shoulder conditions.