Low Load Operation in a Light-duty Diesel Engine Using High Octane Fuels and Additives PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The present study focuses on multi-cylinder, light-duty engine operation at light load conditions while maintaining efficiency and emissions. As the same engine should be able to run at high load conditions as well, the choice of fuel and combustion strategy should support over a wide range of speed-load operation. This is achieved by utilizing partially premixed combustion [PPC] of gasoline, which is a combination of homogeneous mixture operation of the fully premixed charge and a direct injection, where the fuel is injected during or slightly before the combustion event, like in standard diesel combustion. The engine load in gasoline PPC operation is controlled by limiting the number of injections and injected fuel amount, whereas desirable combustion phasing is achieved by controlling the injection timing. The effect of injector included angle was also studied in the present work with the objective of operating at the lowest possible load in this type of combustion. As the fuel effects also significantly alter the combustion behavior due to changes in the auto-ignition characteristics, the current study focused on low load operation using various RON gasoline fuels in a multi-cylinder engine. The use of a 2-EthylHexyl Nitrate [EHN] cetane improver is also emphasized in this research for operation at light load conditions with lower octane fuels. By changing the amount of cetane improver in standard gasoline, it is possible to alter the octane number of the fuel and potentially resolve engine startability issues. A reaction kinetics model for EHN was developed and used to study HCCI operation in a light-duty, single-cylinder engine at light load conditions. 96 RON gasoline was used as the base fuel. The results indicate that the current EHN mechanism predicts combustion phasing and nitrogen oxides [NOx] and carbon-monoxide [CO] emission trends of available HCCI experiments fairly well. Direct injection engine experiments performed at the Argonne National Laboratory with 87 AKI gasoline and 0.4% by volume of EHN additive were also used to validate the newly developed EHN mechanism. An additive-PRF map was generated that provides information about the effective PRF number of mixtures of gasoline and EHN additive.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The present study focuses on multi-cylinder, light-duty engine operation at light load conditions while maintaining efficiency and emissions. As the same engine should be able to run at high load conditions as well, the choice of fuel and combustion strategy should support over a wide range of speed-load operation. This is achieved by utilizing partially premixed combustion [PPC] of gasoline, which is a combination of homogeneous mixture operation of the fully premixed charge and a direct injection, where the fuel is injected during or slightly before the combustion event, like in standard diesel combustion. The engine load in gasoline PPC operation is controlled by limiting the number of injections and injected fuel amount, whereas desirable combustion phasing is achieved by controlling the injection timing. The effect of injector included angle was also studied in the present work with the objective of operating at the lowest possible load in this type of combustion. As the fuel effects also significantly alter the combustion behavior due to changes in the auto-ignition characteristics, the current study focused on low load operation using various RON gasoline fuels in a multi-cylinder engine. The use of a 2-EthylHexyl Nitrate [EHN] cetane improver is also emphasized in this research for operation at light load conditions with lower octane fuels. By changing the amount of cetane improver in standard gasoline, it is possible to alter the octane number of the fuel and potentially resolve engine startability issues. A reaction kinetics model for EHN was developed and used to study HCCI operation in a light-duty, single-cylinder engine at light load conditions. 96 RON gasoline was used as the base fuel. The results indicate that the current EHN mechanism predicts combustion phasing and nitrogen oxides [NOx] and carbon-monoxide [CO] emission trends of available HCCI experiments fairly well. Direct injection engine experiments performed at the Argonne National Laboratory with 87 AKI gasoline and 0.4% by volume of EHN additive were also used to validate the newly developed EHN mechanism. An additive-PRF map was generated that provides information about the effective PRF number of mixtures of gasoline and EHN additive.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309216389
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 373
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Book Description
Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption-the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance-because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309373913
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 812
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Book Description
The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309122082
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 130
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Book Description
The 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP), a cooperative research and development partnership formed by four federal agencies with 15 industrial partners, was launched in the year 2000 with high hopes that it would dramatically advance the technologies used in trucks and buses, yielding a cleaner, safer, more efficient generation of vehicles. Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership critically examines and comments on the overall adequacy and balance of the 21CTP. The book reviews how well the program has accomplished its goals, evaluates progress in the program, and makes recommendations to improve the likelihood of the Partnership meeting its goals. Key recommendations of the book include that the 21CTP should be continued, but the future program should be revised and better balanced. A clearer goal setting strategy should be developed, and the goals should be clearly stated in measurable engineering terms and reviewed periodically so as to be based on the available funds.
Author: J. E. Goodrich
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lubrication and lubricants
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
Appreciable savings in fuel costs can be achieved by using residual fuels in railroad diesel engines. Experience with residual fuels in large-bore, low-speed engines has been generally reported as satisfactory except for high-cylinder-liner and piston-ring wear. Extensive tests conducted by California Research Corp. on residual fuels in small, high-speed laboratory diesel engines showed that under high-load conditions, residual fuels gave thermal efficiencies and engine deposits comparable to distillate fuels. At low power outputs, however, combustion was poor, causing excessive deposits to build up on injectors and exhaust valves. This was due largely to poor spray atomization of the high-viscosity residual fuels at the marginal injection conditions existing at low loads. Use of a two-fuel system which supplied distillate fuel at low loads proved to be a practical way of utilizing residual fuel. Improving atomization by using much higher injection pressures gave satisfactory combustion of light residual fuel at light loads. In long-term tests under conditions simulating railroad freight service, deposits were obtained comparable to distillate fuel operation. Wear, however, was appreciably higher than encountered with distillate fuel. To investigate the high wear obtained with residual fuels, wear tests were carried out in single-cylinder laboratory engines equipped with radioactive piston rings. Data on the effect of operating conditions on wear showed that increasing jacket temperature and engine load reduced wear. In residual fuels, sulfur was found to have the same absolute effect on wear as in distillate fuels. However, because wear was much higher with residual fuels, the relative effect of sulfur was substantially less than with distillate fuels. Removal of abrasive contaminants in residual fuel by filtration or centrifuging significantly reduced wear. Viscosity by itself was found to have little or no effect on wear in these laboratory tests. Limited field test data in diesel locomotives confirm laboratory engine data regarding combustion performance, deposition tendencies, and high wear of residual fuels.
Author: Paul Richards
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768006384
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 870
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Book Description
The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
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Conventional wisdom suggests that a large-scale shift from gasoline to diesel light-duty highway vehicles would have an impact on energy consumption, emissions and infrastructure. Under a relatively modest scenario, based upon French experience since 1970, a dieselization strategy could have displaced slightly more than half a quad of petroleum (3.7% of the energy consumed by light-duty vehicles) in 1992, while reducing CO, HC and NO(subscript x) emissions by 6.3, 0.8 and 0.09 million tonnes, and increasing SO(subscript x) and PM10 by 0.03 and 0.2 million tonnes, respectively. This displacement would have been achieved using diesel technology which is significantly less efficient than what is currently available and what may become available as a result of current research. Energy consumed in refining would also have been marginally reduced, although additional processing could have been required to increase the fraction of distillate and decrease that of gasoline. Finally, a shift to diesel could have broad implications on US and world oil markets, modifying crude oil supply-demand balances, and requiring a different mix of unit operations in domestic refineries which, in turn, could change the capital investment path of the industry which is currently geared to maximizing gasoline production. This analysis used the Integrated Market Penetration and Anticipated Cost of Transportation Technologies (IMPACTT) model and EPA's Mobile5a model. Petroleum displacement resulted from the increased thermal efficiency of diesel engines less that portion of gasoline comprised of non-petroleum-based additives for octane enhancement and/or oxygenation as mandated by law or regulation. Emissions reductions resulted from a combination of lower EPA-test emission factors for current-technology diesel engines, much slower in-use degradation of diesel as compared with gasoline vehicles, and relatively better emissions by older diesels as compared to older gasoline vehicles.
Author:
Publisher: ASTM International
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 1088
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Book Description
Author: Gus Wright
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN: 1284251985
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 1895
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Book Description
Thoroughly updated and expanded, Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Diesel Engines, Second Edition offers comprehensive coverage of basic concepts and fundamentals, building up to advanced instruction on the latest technology coming to market for medium- and heavy-duty diesel engine systems.
Author: Leo G. Monford
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
