Low-Level Hexavalent Chromium Treatment Options PDF Download
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Author: Philip Brandhuber
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 1843399245
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Book Description
In February 1999, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment issued a Public Health Goal (PHG) for total chromium of 2.5 μg/L. The PHG, based on a 10^6 risk level for 0.2 μg/L hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], was 40 times less than the USEPA's contaminant MCL of 100 μg/L for total chromium [Cr(III) ] Cr(VI)]. The success of the movie Erin Brockovich, which popularized a groundwater chromium pollution lawsuit in Hinkley, California, sensitized the public to the health hazards of chromium in drinking water. In 2001, the California state legislature passed a bill requiring the California Department of Health Services to adopt an MCL for Cr(VI). All of these actions must be viewed from the perspective that, at the time, no technology had been demonstrated to be effective at treating chromium to concentrations consistent with the total chromium PHG or the Cr(VI) 10^6 risk level of 0.2 μg/L. The purpose of this report was to present the results of this partnership study, which included an analysis of chromium occurrence and co-occurrence, an evaluation of Cr(VI) removal technologies, and an examination of chromium oxidation and reduction chemistry. This study investigated nearly all of the potential methods of controlling Cr(VI) either through the use of technologies that remove Cr(VI) directly (adsorption, anion exchange, membrane filtration) or those that remove the reduced form of chromium, Cr(III) (precipitation with membranes or coagulation and precipitation with conventional or membrane filters). These technologies were investigated using laboratory-scale testing methods, including batch isotherm tests, bench membrane systems, flow-through mini-columns, and jar testing techniques. For most technologies, controlled water matrices were used to screen performance. Selected technologies were further assessed using natural groundwater matrices from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the Glendale Water and Power groundwater facilities.
Author: Philip Brandhuber
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 1843399245
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Book Description
In February 1999, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment issued a Public Health Goal (PHG) for total chromium of 2.5 μg/L. The PHG, based on a 10^6 risk level for 0.2 μg/L hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], was 40 times less than the USEPA's contaminant MCL of 100 μg/L for total chromium [Cr(III) ] Cr(VI)]. The success of the movie Erin Brockovich, which popularized a groundwater chromium pollution lawsuit in Hinkley, California, sensitized the public to the health hazards of chromium in drinking water. In 2001, the California state legislature passed a bill requiring the California Department of Health Services to adopt an MCL for Cr(VI). All of these actions must be viewed from the perspective that, at the time, no technology had been demonstrated to be effective at treating chromium to concentrations consistent with the total chromium PHG or the Cr(VI) 10^6 risk level of 0.2 μg/L. The purpose of this report was to present the results of this partnership study, which included an analysis of chromium occurrence and co-occurrence, an evaluation of Cr(VI) removal technologies, and an examination of chromium oxidation and reduction chemistry. This study investigated nearly all of the potential methods of controlling Cr(VI) either through the use of technologies that remove Cr(VI) directly (adsorption, anion exchange, membrane filtration) or those that remove the reduced form of chromium, Cr(III) (precipitation with membranes or coagulation and precipitation with conventional or membrane filters). These technologies were investigated using laboratory-scale testing methods, including batch isotherm tests, bench membrane systems, flow-through mini-columns, and jar testing techniques. For most technologies, controlled water matrices were used to screen performance. Selected technologies were further assessed using natural groundwater matrices from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the Glendale Water and Power groundwater facilities.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chromium
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
Author: Jeanine Genchanok
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321362589
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Strong base anion exchange (SBA) has been used extensively to treat high levels of chromium contamination in wastewater. In recent years, public health concerns have prompted batch and pilot scale testing to determine optimal treatment options for low level hexavalent chromium removal from drinking water. The following report summarizes preliminary findings regarding the performance of four SBA resins at a pilot scale for a California water utility. Results indicated that the Purolite A600E resin treated the greatest number of bed volumes before a total chromium breakthrough of 8 μg/L was reached. Varying empty bed contact times (EBCT) from 0.75 to 2.25 minutes did not have a significant effect on chromium removal as resin utility ratios were approximately equal across all EBCTs. The effect of water quality on resin performance was investigated, and a statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of water quality on bed volumes treated to breakthrough of 1 μg/L and 8 μg/L. A regression analysis was used to model bed volumes treated prior to breakthrough of 1 μg/L as a function of influent chromium, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations. The coefficients of multiple correlations, R2, ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, suggesting the multiple regression models provided a reasonable fit of the data. In addition, the experimental data from this current study was used to test an existing empirical model found in the literature, and the existing model was found to fit the data with reasonable accuracy.
Author: U.s. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781495287336
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 592
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Book Description
This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the toxic substances each profile describes. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The profiles focus on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a public health statement that describes, in nontechnical language, a substance's relevant toxicological properties. Following the public health statement is information concerning levels of significant human exposure and, where known, significant health effects. A health effects summary describes the adequacy of information to determine a substance's health effects. ATSDR identifies data needs that are significant to protection of public health. Each profile: (A) Examines, summarizes, and interprets available toxicologic information and epidemiologic evaluations on a toxic substance to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated acute, subacute, and chronic health effects; (B) Determines whether adequate information on the health effects of each substance is available or being developed to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health of acute, subacute, and chronic health effects; and (C) Where appropriate, identifies toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans.
Author: Michael J. McGuire
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 9781843396208
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Public concern about Cr(VI) in drinking water supplies and potential adverse health effects prompted the City of Glendale and its partners to initiate a four-phase program identifying and implementing cost-effective Cr(VI) treatment. Three effective technologies were identified from initial testing: WBA resin, regenerable SBA resin, and RCF. WBA resin was distinctive in its high Cr(VI) capacity and simplicity but was a new technology. Thus, further study was needed. The key objectives of this project included (1) conducting treatment studies to confirm the efficiencies of weak-base anion (WBA) exchange resins for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] removal from groundwater; (2) characterizing WBA resin residuals to elucidate Cr(VI) removal mechanism(s); (3) investigating residuals handling and disposal options, (4) refining cost estimates of effective Cr(VI) treatment technologies, including WBA, strong-base anion (SBA) exchange resin, and reduction/coagulation/filtration (RCF); and (5) convening an expert panel to recommend treatment technologies for demonstration-scale testing. This research project tested and identified an innovative technology for Cr(VI) removal from drinking water sources. Prior to this study, no treatment technology was proven to achieve removal to low parts-per-billion levels. The research results will benefit the water industry by providing information on effective Cr(VI) treatment technologies, updated costs estimates, and treatment operational conditions. In addition, cost information developed in this study will be of use in regulatory establishment of a Cr(VI)-specific maximum contaminant level (MCL), such as that mandated by the State of California.
Author: Jeremy M. Fantaroni
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
Author: Christel Olsen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
In order to identify hexavalent chromium (Cr6) sources, behavior, and treatability, this thesis has profiled Cr6 in seven full-scale drinking water treatment plants and six distribution systems. Bench-scale jar tests assessed the treatment efficacy of coagulation and developed strategies to remove ultra-low level (0.01- 1.0 ~tg/L) Cr6. All water sources measured in this project contained dissolved Cr6 greater than or equal to the California Public Health Goal (0.02 ~g/L Cr6). The investigated coagulation plants did not remove Cr6; in fact, four of the seven treatment plants inadvertently added Cr6 to the treated waters. Thirteen types of drinking water treatment chemicals were evaluated as a potential non-water source of chromium. Amongst these, only iron-based coagulants contained trace levels of chromium sufficient to account for the observed increases at the full-scale plants. Other discussed non-water sources include leaching of chromium-bearing infrastructure or oxidation of Cr3. One of the treatment systems showed chlorine oxidized Cr3 to Cr6 and raised the finished concentration, in less than seven hours. One suggested improvement strategy was to use ferrous iron to reduce and remove Cr6 during coagulation. Bench-scale tests showed ferrous iron and a cationic polymer improved removal of both Cr6 and Total Cr. Chlorine interfered with that reduction. The full-scale test of this reduction-coupled coagulation treatment successfully decreased the finished Cr6 concentration when 40% ferrous iron was used and the point of chlorination was moved downstream from the coagulation process.
Author: Xue Li
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781339825014
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Following a public health goal (PHG) of 0.02 [mu]g/L set in 2011 in California, a hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 [mu]g/L became effective on July 1, 2014. The potential non-compliance of several hundred potable water systems is driving the search for cost-effective treatment techniques and was the motivating force behind this research. One of the techniques to remove Cr(VI) is Strong Base Anion Exchange (SBA-IX). Until recently, SBA-IX studies have been conducted mainly with high concentrations of Cr(VI) (50-4000 mg/L) on wastewater or synthetic (industrial) water. Additionally, no comprehensive studies have been conducted with respect to the management of regeneration brines following chromium removal. In this study, the chromium removal performance of flow-through columns packed with commercially available resins was quantitatively investigated with/ at different potable groundwater sources, empty bed contact times, and hydraulic loading rates. The bench tests were also scaled up to field tests for comparison of chromium removal performance. Extended regeneration cycles with fresh brine were conducted to obtain a complete picture of the resin performance after repeated usages. Direct brine reuse to minimize the disposal volumes of potentially hazardous waste was tested. While SBA-IX is a feasible option for chromium removal from potable water sources, the application of SBA-IX is sometimes challenging due to lack of effective treatment and /or disposal options of the hazardous brine. As direct brine reuse minimizes the waste brine volume, the study of brine management options aimed to reduce the hazardous characteristics of the brine. One alternative regenerant, i.e., sodium bicarbonate, to replace sodium chloride was studied for its elution efficiency of chromium during regeneration and its affinity for chromium during ion exchange. Brine treatment with metal salts (i.e., ferrous sulfate), reductive media (i.e., sulfur modified iron), and weak base anion exchange (WBA-IX) resin was investigated for their capacity for chromium and feasibility to reduce the hazardous characteristics of the regeneration brine. By investigating three aspects of the SBA-IX technique, i.e., removal of low-level chromium from natural groundwater, regeneration of the exhausted resin, and management of the waste brine, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the SBA-IX.
Author: Marek Bryjak
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315682605
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 488
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Book Description
Due to increasing demand for potable and irrigation water, water suppliers have to use alternative resources. They either have to regenerate wastewater or deal with contaminated surface water. This book brings together the experiences of various experts in preparing of innovative materials that are selective for arsenic and chromium removal, and in
Author: Michelle Frey
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 1843399261
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Only limited information existed about the occurrence of boron and chromium in drinking water sources prior to this project. In addition, chromium speciation in drinking water sources was not well understood. In fact, due to analytical method deficiencies, previous field sampling experiences had resulted in total chromium concentrations less than corresponding hexavalent chromium concentrations. This project specifically addressed the following questions: . What are the analytical method challenges and sensitivities for reliable low-level detection of chromium species and boron in drinking water supplies? . What are the national occurrence patterns for chromium species and boron in drinking water sources? . What is the fate of these compounds through drinking water facilities and distribution systems? The project approach included . an investigation of analytical challenges for both chromium and boron analysis, . a review of existing occurrence data sources, . a design and an implementation of the national occurrence survey, . an analysis of the national occurrence results, and . an investigation of the fate of chromium and boron through drinking water facilities and distribution systems.
