Author: Polyglot Planet Publishing
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781514159002
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
Learn Italian with Parallel Text! Your advantages using Parallel Text: + The English translation appears below each Italian sentence+ No dictionary needed!+ The texts transmit a good feeling of sentence structure+ Entertaining stories on cultures around the world+ No prior knowledge on grammar or vocabulary required+ Grammar sinks in easily - no theory+ Fun and Educational!
Learn Italian II Parallel Text - Short Stories (Intermediate Level) English - Italian (Dual Language, Bilingual)
Author: Polyglot Planet Publishing
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781514159002
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
Learn Italian with Parallel Text! Your advantages using Parallel Text: + The English translation appears below each Italian sentence+ No dictionary needed!+ The texts transmit a good feeling of sentence structure+ Entertaining stories on cultures around the world+ No prior knowledge on grammar or vocabulary required+ Grammar sinks in easily - no theory+ Fun and Educational!
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781514159002
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
Book Description
Learn Italian with Parallel Text! Your advantages using Parallel Text: + The English translation appears below each Italian sentence+ No dictionary needed!+ The texts transmit a good feeling of sentence structure+ Entertaining stories on cultures around the world+ No prior knowledge on grammar or vocabulary required+ Grammar sinks in easily - no theory+ Fun and Educational!
Great Italian Short Stories of the Twentieth Century / I grandi racconti italiani del Novecento: A Dual-Language Book
Author: Jacob Blakesley
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486476316
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
This anthology highlights the rich range of modern Italian fiction, presenting the first English translations of works by many famous authors. Contents include fables and stories by Italo Calvino, Elsa Morante, Alberto Moravia, and Cesare Pavese; historical fiction by Leonardo Sciascia and Mario Rigoni Stern; and little-known tales by Luigi Pirandello and Carlo Emilio Gadda. No further apparatus or reference is necessary for this self-contained text. Appropriate for high school and college courses as well as for self-study, this volume will prove a fine companion for teachers and intermediate-level students of Italian language and literature as well as readers wishing to brush up on their language skills. Dover (2013) original publication. See every Dover book in print at www.doverpublications.com
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486476316
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
This anthology highlights the rich range of modern Italian fiction, presenting the first English translations of works by many famous authors. Contents include fables and stories by Italo Calvino, Elsa Morante, Alberto Moravia, and Cesare Pavese; historical fiction by Leonardo Sciascia and Mario Rigoni Stern; and little-known tales by Luigi Pirandello and Carlo Emilio Gadda. No further apparatus or reference is necessary for this self-contained text. Appropriate for high school and college courses as well as for self-study, this volume will prove a fine companion for teachers and intermediate-level students of Italian language and literature as well as readers wishing to brush up on their language skills. Dover (2013) original publication. See every Dover book in print at www.doverpublications.com
Short Stories in Italian
Author: Nick Roberts
Publisher: Penguin UK
ISBN: 014195941X
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
This is an all new version of the popular PARALLEL TEXT series, containing eight pieces of contemporary fiction in the original Italian and in English translation. Including stories by Calvino, Benni, Sciascia and Levi, this volume gives a fascinating insight into Italian culture and literature as well as providing an invaluable educational tool.
Publisher: Penguin UK
ISBN: 014195941X
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 176
Book Description
This is an all new version of the popular PARALLEL TEXT series, containing eight pieces of contemporary fiction in the original Italian and in English translation. Including stories by Calvino, Benni, Sciascia and Levi, this volume gives a fascinating insight into Italian culture and literature as well as providing an invaluable educational tool.
A Second Spanish Reader
Author: Stanley Appelbaum
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486121771
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : es
Pages : 258
Book Description
Geared toward advanced beginners, these highlights from poetry, plays, and stories by noted Spanish-language writers include works by Gabriela Mistral, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and Lope de Vega.
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486121771
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : es
Pages : 258
Book Description
Geared toward advanced beginners, these highlights from poetry, plays, and stories by noted Spanish-language writers include works by Gabriela Mistral, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and Lope de Vega.
Alice in Wonderland - Alice Nel Paese Delle Meraviglie
Author: Mostusedwords
Publisher: Mostusedwords.com
ISBN: 9789492637222
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
Alice in Wonderland / Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie The timeless classic "Alice in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll has captivated audiences worldwide for over 100 years. It tells the story of a girl, Alice, who falls into a rabbit hole and enters a strange parallel universe, where nothing is as it seems... This Dual Language Book This version of the story has been accommodated for learners of Italian. We have aligned the original English version of the story side-by-side with the original Italian translation, "Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie" by T. Pietrocola-Rosetti. This book is paragraph aligned. The English version is printed on the left half of the page, and the Italian version on the right half of the page. This will allow you to get the reading practice you need in Italian and quickly get answers when you can't seem to figure out the corresponding word or phrase.. Because the English and Italian text are next to each other, you will save a lot of time and frustration by not having to reach for the dictionary to look up the translation of a word. As a result, you'll have a smoother reading experience. "Alice nel Paese delle Mareviglie" is about 27.000 words long. The story is written out of just 2270 different lemma ́s (a lemma is the dictionary form of a word), making it a great book for beginner to intermediate language learners. To further aid you with learning Italian, we added two Italian to English dictionaries in the back of the book, made specifically for this story. Frequency Dictionary One dictionary is based on word frequency. We analyzed the Italian version and listed all the words by how often they are used. Study the most common words, and see how far you can come without resorting to the translation. You can also find an alphabetical learner ́s dictionary in the back, which is helpful for looking up the meaning of a word rather than relying on how it's translated in context. Alphabetical Dictionary If you encounter a Italian word you don ́t know, and you can't deduce it's meaning through context or require extra clarification, flip towards the back of the book where you can look it up alphabetically. Plus, you may find yourself wondering: What is the correct pronunciation of this word in Italian? That is why we included IPA phonetic transcriptions of Italian words in our alphabetical dictionary. Bilingual Books A tried and tested method, bilingual books, also known as parallel text books or dual language books, have been used to help language learners just like you for hundreds of years. There are several benefits to be gained by reading bilingual books. In short: You will naturally broaden your vocabulary by learning from context. Your overall language skills will improve: you will become a better reader, writer, listener, and speaker. You will be more motivated to read. With the translation nearby, reading foreign text becomes much easier when you don't have to waste time to look up unknown words. You can read anytime, anywhere, and on your own schedule. You can learn a lot from reading books in your target language. You can benefit from a book's message and equally from its language. In other words, a book can improve your way of life and your language learning at the same time. By sitting down and reading, you're going to get yourself farther, faster. Invest in yourself now, and get this book.
Publisher: Mostusedwords.com
ISBN: 9789492637222
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
Alice in Wonderland / Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie The timeless classic "Alice in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll has captivated audiences worldwide for over 100 years. It tells the story of a girl, Alice, who falls into a rabbit hole and enters a strange parallel universe, where nothing is as it seems... This Dual Language Book This version of the story has been accommodated for learners of Italian. We have aligned the original English version of the story side-by-side with the original Italian translation, "Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie" by T. Pietrocola-Rosetti. This book is paragraph aligned. The English version is printed on the left half of the page, and the Italian version on the right half of the page. This will allow you to get the reading practice you need in Italian and quickly get answers when you can't seem to figure out the corresponding word or phrase.. Because the English and Italian text are next to each other, you will save a lot of time and frustration by not having to reach for the dictionary to look up the translation of a word. As a result, you'll have a smoother reading experience. "Alice nel Paese delle Mareviglie" is about 27.000 words long. The story is written out of just 2270 different lemma ́s (a lemma is the dictionary form of a word), making it a great book for beginner to intermediate language learners. To further aid you with learning Italian, we added two Italian to English dictionaries in the back of the book, made specifically for this story. Frequency Dictionary One dictionary is based on word frequency. We analyzed the Italian version and listed all the words by how often they are used. Study the most common words, and see how far you can come without resorting to the translation. You can also find an alphabetical learner ́s dictionary in the back, which is helpful for looking up the meaning of a word rather than relying on how it's translated in context. Alphabetical Dictionary If you encounter a Italian word you don ́t know, and you can't deduce it's meaning through context or require extra clarification, flip towards the back of the book where you can look it up alphabetically. Plus, you may find yourself wondering: What is the correct pronunciation of this word in Italian? That is why we included IPA phonetic transcriptions of Italian words in our alphabetical dictionary. Bilingual Books A tried and tested method, bilingual books, also known as parallel text books or dual language books, have been used to help language learners just like you for hundreds of years. There are several benefits to be gained by reading bilingual books. In short: You will naturally broaden your vocabulary by learning from context. Your overall language skills will improve: you will become a better reader, writer, listener, and speaker. You will be more motivated to read. With the translation nearby, reading foreign text becomes much easier when you don't have to waste time to look up unknown words. You can read anytime, anywhere, and on your own schedule. You can learn a lot from reading books in your target language. You can benefit from a book's message and equally from its language. In other words, a book can improve your way of life and your language learning at the same time. By sitting down and reading, you're going to get yourself farther, faster. Invest in yourself now, and get this book.
Dual Language Education
Author: Kathryn J. Lindholm-Leary
Publisher: Multilingual Matters
ISBN: 9781853595318
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
Dual language education is a program that combines language minority and language majority students for instruction through two languages. This book provides the conceptual background for the program and discusses major implementation issues. Research findings summarize language proficiency and achievement outcomes from 8000 students at 20 schools, along with teacher and parent attitudes.
Publisher: Multilingual Matters
ISBN: 9781853595318
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
Dual language education is a program that combines language minority and language majority students for instruction through two languages. This book provides the conceptual background for the program and discusses major implementation issues. Research findings summarize language proficiency and achievement outcomes from 8000 students at 20 schools, along with teacher and parent attitudes.
Spanish Stories
Author: Angel Flores
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486122522
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
DIVUnique format offers 13 great stories in Spanish — from classics by Cervantes and Alarcon to contemporary works by Borges and Goytisolo. Complete faithful English translations on facing pages. /div
Publisher: Courier Corporation
ISBN: 0486122522
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
DIVUnique format offers 13 great stories in Spanish — from classics by Cervantes and Alarcon to contemporary works by Borges and Goytisolo. Complete faithful English translations on facing pages. /div
Short Stories in Swedish for Beginners
Author: Olly Richards
Publisher: Teach Yourself
ISBN: 1529302757
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
An unmissable collection of eight unconventional and captivating short stories for young and adult learners of Swedish. "Olly's top-notch language-learning insights are right in line with the best of what we know from neuroscience and cognitive psychology about how to learn effectively. I love his work - and you will too!" - Barbara Oakley, PhD, Author of New York Times bestseller A Mind for Numbers Short Stories in Swedish for Beginners has been written especially for students from high-beginner to low-intermediate level, designed to give a sense of achievement, a feeling of progress and most importantly - enjoyment! Mapped to A1-B1 on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for languages, these eight captivating stories are designed to give you a sense of achievement and a feeling of progress when reading. What does this book give you? - Eight stories in a variety of exciting genres, from science fiction and crime to history and thriller - making reading fun, while you learn a wide range of new vocabulary - Controlled language at your level to help you progress confidently - Realistic spoken dialogues to help you learn conversational expressions and improve your speaking ability - Accessible grammar so you learn new structures naturally, in a stress-free way - Pleasure! Research shows that if you're enjoying reading in a foreign language, you won't experience the usual feelings of frustration - 'It's too hard!' 'I don't understand!' Carefully curated to make learning a new language easy, these stories include key features that will support and consolidate your progress, including: - A glossary for bolded words in each chapter - Full plot summary - A bilingual word list - Comprehension questions after each chapter. As a result, you will be able to focus on enjoying reading, delighting in your improved range of vocabulary and grasp of the language, without ever feeling overwhelmed. From science fiction to fantasy, to crime and thrillers, Short Stories in Swedish for Beginners will make learning Swedish easy and enjoyable.
Publisher: Teach Yourself
ISBN: 1529302757
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
An unmissable collection of eight unconventional and captivating short stories for young and adult learners of Swedish. "Olly's top-notch language-learning insights are right in line with the best of what we know from neuroscience and cognitive psychology about how to learn effectively. I love his work - and you will too!" - Barbara Oakley, PhD, Author of New York Times bestseller A Mind for Numbers Short Stories in Swedish for Beginners has been written especially for students from high-beginner to low-intermediate level, designed to give a sense of achievement, a feeling of progress and most importantly - enjoyment! Mapped to A1-B1 on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for languages, these eight captivating stories are designed to give you a sense of achievement and a feeling of progress when reading. What does this book give you? - Eight stories in a variety of exciting genres, from science fiction and crime to history and thriller - making reading fun, while you learn a wide range of new vocabulary - Controlled language at your level to help you progress confidently - Realistic spoken dialogues to help you learn conversational expressions and improve your speaking ability - Accessible grammar so you learn new structures naturally, in a stress-free way - Pleasure! Research shows that if you're enjoying reading in a foreign language, you won't experience the usual feelings of frustration - 'It's too hard!' 'I don't understand!' Carefully curated to make learning a new language easy, these stories include key features that will support and consolidate your progress, including: - A glossary for bolded words in each chapter - Full plot summary - A bilingual word list - Comprehension questions after each chapter. As a result, you will be able to focus on enjoying reading, delighting in your improved range of vocabulary and grasp of the language, without ever feeling overwhelmed. From science fiction to fantasy, to crime and thrillers, Short Stories in Swedish for Beginners will make learning Swedish easy and enjoyable.
Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook (Learn Italian with Teach Yourself)
Author: Maria Guarnieri
Publisher: Teach Yourself
ISBN: 9781444796131
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Do you want to communicate easily and freely in Italian? Master Italian grammar and broaden your vocabulary with your very own Italian Tutor. This contemporary interactive workbook features 200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points with clear goals, concise explanations, and real-world tasks. By studying and practicing Italian grammar you'll understand how the language really works and be able to speak Italian with clarity and ease. What will I learn? The Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook covers a comprehensive range of the most useful and frequent grammar and vocabulary in Italian. You can follow along unit by unit, or dip in and dip out to address your weak areas. As you progress, you will be introduced to new vocabulary and combine it with the grammar to complete extensive exercises. You will then practice the language through authentic reading and writing practice. You will achieve a solid upper intermediate level* of Italian grammar. Is this course for me? The Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook can be used as a standalone course or as a complement to any other Italian course. It offers extensive practice and review of essential grammar points and vocabulary and skills building. The personal tutor element points out exceptions and gives tips to really help you perfect your Italian. What do I get? This Italian workbook offers a range of clear and effective learning features: -200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points -Unique visuals and infographics for extra context and practice -Personal tutor hints and tips to help you to understand language rules and culture points -Learn to learn section offers tips and advice on how to be a good language learner 22 short learning units each contain: -communication goals to guide your studies -grammar explanations with extensive exercises -vocabulary presentations and activities -reading and writing sections to consolidate your learning *This workbook maps from Novice High to Advanced Mid level proficiency of ACTFL (American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages) and from A2 Beginner to B2 Upper Intermediate level of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) guidelines. What other courses are available? For further study and practice, see Get Started in Italian (ISBN 9781444174717) and Complete Italian: Teach Yourself (ISBN 9781444177343). Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years.
Publisher: Teach Yourself
ISBN: 9781444796131
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Do you want to communicate easily and freely in Italian? Master Italian grammar and broaden your vocabulary with your very own Italian Tutor. This contemporary interactive workbook features 200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points with clear goals, concise explanations, and real-world tasks. By studying and practicing Italian grammar you'll understand how the language really works and be able to speak Italian with clarity and ease. What will I learn? The Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook covers a comprehensive range of the most useful and frequent grammar and vocabulary in Italian. You can follow along unit by unit, or dip in and dip out to address your weak areas. As you progress, you will be introduced to new vocabulary and combine it with the grammar to complete extensive exercises. You will then practice the language through authentic reading and writing practice. You will achieve a solid upper intermediate level* of Italian grammar. Is this course for me? The Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook can be used as a standalone course or as a complement to any other Italian course. It offers extensive practice and review of essential grammar points and vocabulary and skills building. The personal tutor element points out exceptions and gives tips to really help you perfect your Italian. What do I get? This Italian workbook offers a range of clear and effective learning features: -200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points -Unique visuals and infographics for extra context and practice -Personal tutor hints and tips to help you to understand language rules and culture points -Learn to learn section offers tips and advice on how to be a good language learner 22 short learning units each contain: -communication goals to guide your studies -grammar explanations with extensive exercises -vocabulary presentations and activities -reading and writing sections to consolidate your learning *This workbook maps from Novice High to Advanced Mid level proficiency of ACTFL (American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages) and from A2 Beginner to B2 Upper Intermediate level of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) guidelines. What other courses are available? For further study and practice, see Get Started in Italian (ISBN 9781444174717) and Complete Italian: Teach Yourself (ISBN 9781444177343). Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years.
From English to Swedish 1
Author: Bengt Hällgren
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781540529954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
This is the new, black and white version of From English to Swedish 1. A full color version is also available. Look for ISBN 978-1540452900. From English to Swedish 1 & 2 is a series of textbooks for English speaking students who would like to learn Swedish. The first book covers level A1 and the second book level A2 of the European CEFR-scale. Unlike most Swedish textbooks they provide vocabulary lists, grammar explanations, and text commentaries in English. To help the reader learn Swedish pronunciation, a series of videos linked to the first book is available on YouTube (see https://www.youtube.com/watch'v=mEQVgbDPZ4I). The texts of the two books tell the story of an American girl who comes as an exchange student to live in a Swedish family. She struggles to learn Swedish and adapt to Swedish culture, but in the process runs into a number of culture clashes, all based on the authors' real life experiences. �ke Daun, professor of ethnology from Stockholm University and a specialist in Swedish mentality, has examined the first book and describes the way it introduces Swedish mentality as "innovative and entertaining". To facilitate the student's learning the books take advantage of the close relationship between English and Swedish. Many of the words appearing in the texts are similar to their English counterparts. Having finished both books, the student will have acquired a vocabulary of slightly more than 1,500 words including 57 % of the 2,000 most frequent words of the Swedish language as defined by Spr�kbanken (the Language Bank), a data base published by the University of Gothenburg. In an appendix to book 1, the similarities between English and Swedish are explained from an historical point of view, and over 300 related words from different areas are presented. Each chapter in the books contains a short grammar section presenting essentials in Swedish morphology and syntax. All grammatical terms, except the most common ones, are explained. At the end of each book there is a grammar overview with definitions of concepts and references to relevant chapters. Each lesson includes a number of exercises, where students are encouraged to practice their newly gained grammar knowledge, repeat vocabulary, and answer questions in connection with the texts. As the students' vocabulary develops, the questions become increasingly open-ended in order to stimulate reflection and discussion in class. Furthermore, a number of songs with simple vocabulary are included, mainly children's songs by classic song-writers. Finally, each book contains answers to the exercises and a complete alphabetical glossary. Judgments about From English to Swedish 1: "I'm just learning Swedish, and this book is wonderful. The style & methodology are ideal. Highly recommend." (Amazon, USA) "A brilliant book. ... The words and pronunciations are well explained with examples given. Common Swedish vocab is also used in lessons. Quite amazing that by lesson 2 (Lektion 2) I was understanding and translating simple paragraphs and answering questions in full sentences without much difficulty. The two books are a must buy for people looking to learn the Swedish language. ... The second book is just as good as this one." (Amazon, England) "I've tried to start learning Swedish several times with at least 4 books, and finally I've found one that is didactic enough to keep me going! Very natural way of teaching, the closest thing I've seen to have a teacher that prepares a class for you. I'm already looking for the 2nd book! " (Amazon, Spain)
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781540529954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
This is the new, black and white version of From English to Swedish 1. A full color version is also available. Look for ISBN 978-1540452900. From English to Swedish 1 & 2 is a series of textbooks for English speaking students who would like to learn Swedish. The first book covers level A1 and the second book level A2 of the European CEFR-scale. Unlike most Swedish textbooks they provide vocabulary lists, grammar explanations, and text commentaries in English. To help the reader learn Swedish pronunciation, a series of videos linked to the first book is available on YouTube (see https://www.youtube.com/watch'v=mEQVgbDPZ4I). The texts of the two books tell the story of an American girl who comes as an exchange student to live in a Swedish family. She struggles to learn Swedish and adapt to Swedish culture, but in the process runs into a number of culture clashes, all based on the authors' real life experiences. �ke Daun, professor of ethnology from Stockholm University and a specialist in Swedish mentality, has examined the first book and describes the way it introduces Swedish mentality as "innovative and entertaining". To facilitate the student's learning the books take advantage of the close relationship between English and Swedish. Many of the words appearing in the texts are similar to their English counterparts. Having finished both books, the student will have acquired a vocabulary of slightly more than 1,500 words including 57 % of the 2,000 most frequent words of the Swedish language as defined by Spr�kbanken (the Language Bank), a data base published by the University of Gothenburg. In an appendix to book 1, the similarities between English and Swedish are explained from an historical point of view, and over 300 related words from different areas are presented. Each chapter in the books contains a short grammar section presenting essentials in Swedish morphology and syntax. All grammatical terms, except the most common ones, are explained. At the end of each book there is a grammar overview with definitions of concepts and references to relevant chapters. Each lesson includes a number of exercises, where students are encouraged to practice their newly gained grammar knowledge, repeat vocabulary, and answer questions in connection with the texts. As the students' vocabulary develops, the questions become increasingly open-ended in order to stimulate reflection and discussion in class. Furthermore, a number of songs with simple vocabulary are included, mainly children's songs by classic song-writers. Finally, each book contains answers to the exercises and a complete alphabetical glossary. Judgments about From English to Swedish 1: "I'm just learning Swedish, and this book is wonderful. The style & methodology are ideal. Highly recommend." (Amazon, USA) "A brilliant book. ... The words and pronunciations are well explained with examples given. Common Swedish vocab is also used in lessons. Quite amazing that by lesson 2 (Lektion 2) I was understanding and translating simple paragraphs and answering questions in full sentences without much difficulty. The two books are a must buy for people looking to learn the Swedish language. ... The second book is just as good as this one." (Amazon, England) "I've tried to start learning Swedish several times with at least 4 books, and finally I've found one that is didactic enough to keep me going! Very natural way of teaching, the closest thing I've seen to have a teacher that prepares a class for you. I'm already looking for the 2nd book! " (Amazon, Spain)