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Author: Robert Huber
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889459284
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
The rewarding properties of drugs depend on their capacity to activate appetitive motivational states. Because the mechanisms underlying natural reward are an important life-sustaining process and strongly conserved throughout metazoan evolution, invertebrate models provide a powerful complement to the mammalian systems traditionally used in addiction research. A wide range of organizational complexity, combined with genetically manipulable, and relatively simple, accessible nervous systems, make invertebrates excellent models in which to explore general addiction principles. These include the role of natural reward systems in learning, the basic biological mechanisms of drug addiction, and the long-term effects of early drug exposure. The contributions to this e-book illustrate the current state of invertebrate addiction research. The chapters show that the reward circuits of invertebrate taxa are surprisingly sensitive to human drugs of abuse. Employing learning paradigms typically used in vertebrate studies (viz., conditioned place preference and operant, self-administration paradigms), invertebrates are shown to exhibit aspects of the addiction cycle from activational effects of common psychostimulants, sensitization with repeated application, to extinction, withdrawal, and reinstatement. This highlights the value of the comparative approach for both exploring conserved mechanisms underlying drug addiction and the utility of invertebrate models in seeking potential solutions.
Author: Robert Huber
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889459284
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 172
Get Book Here
Book Description
The rewarding properties of drugs depend on their capacity to activate appetitive motivational states. Because the mechanisms underlying natural reward are an important life-sustaining process and strongly conserved throughout metazoan evolution, invertebrate models provide a powerful complement to the mammalian systems traditionally used in addiction research. A wide range of organizational complexity, combined with genetically manipulable, and relatively simple, accessible nervous systems, make invertebrates excellent models in which to explore general addiction principles. These include the role of natural reward systems in learning, the basic biological mechanisms of drug addiction, and the long-term effects of early drug exposure. The contributions to this e-book illustrate the current state of invertebrate addiction research. The chapters show that the reward circuits of invertebrate taxa are surprisingly sensitive to human drugs of abuse. Employing learning paradigms typically used in vertebrate studies (viz., conditioned place preference and operant, self-administration paradigms), invertebrates are shown to exhibit aspects of the addiction cycle from activational effects of common psychostimulants, sensitization with repeated application, to extinction, withdrawal, and reinstatement. This highlights the value of the comparative approach for both exploring conserved mechanisms underlying drug addiction and the utility of invertebrate models in seeking potential solutions.
Author: One R. Pagan
Publisher: BenBella Books
ISBN: 1950665372
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 321
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Book Description
From the cup of coffee that jumpstarts the day to dangerously addictive drugs, the recreational use of plants with psychoactive properties has a long history among humans. But, as with many things, it turns out that other animals got there first. From parrots to primates, consuming medicinal chemicals is an instinctive behavior that helps countless organisms fight infection and treat disease. But the similarities don't end there: Like us, many creatures also consume substances that have no apparent benefit . . . except for inducing intoxication. In fact, animals have been using drugs for recreational purposes since prehistoric times. We may even have animals to thank for the idea—legend says that coffee was discovered by observing the behavior of goats that had eaten it. In his previous book, Strange Survivors, author and biologist Oné R. Pagán introduced readers to some of the truly bizarre strategies animals use to survive in the cutthroat world of natural selection. Now, in Drunk Flies and Stoned Dolphins, he sheds light on the surprising cravings they indulge when it's time to unwind. In this book, you'll get an eye-opening glimpse into the mind-altering behavior of the non-human members of the animal kingdom, spanning insects to elephants—including the dolphin species that apparently likes to pass around an intoxicating pufferfish as if they were sharing a joint. Combining fascinating science with humor and enthusiasm, Pagán's latest is full of the kind of unforgettable stories and odd facts that you'll find yourself repeating to everyone you meet. From fruit fly happy hour to the evolutionary reasons behind nature's drugs, Drunk Flies and Stoned Dolphins takes you on a trip through the colorful world of animal intoxication—and along the way, explores what this science reveals about the surprising connections between all the world's creatures.
Author: Ann-Christine Duhaime
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 0674287622
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 337
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Book Description
A neurosurgeon explores how our tendency to prioritize short-term consumer pleasures spurs climate change, but also how the brain’s amazing capacity for flexibility can—and likely will—enable us to prioritize the long-term survival of humanity. Increasingly politicians, activists, media figures, and the public at large agree that climate change is an urgent problem. Yet that sense of urgency rarely translates into serious remedies. If we believe the climate crisis is real, why is it so difficult to change our behavior and our consumer tendencies? Minding the Climate investigates this problem in the neuroscience of decision-making. In particular, Ann-Christine Duhaime, MD, points to the evolution of the human brain during eons of resource scarcity. Understandably, the brain adapted to prioritize short-term survival over more uncertain long-term outcomes. But the resulting behavioral architecture is poorly suited to the present, when scarcity is a lesser concern and slow-moving, novel challenges like environmental issues present the greatest danger. Duhaime details how even our acknowledged best interests are thwarted by the brain’s reward system: if a behavior isn’t perceived as immediately beneficial, we probably won’t do it—never mind that we “know” we should. This is what happens when we lament climate change while indulging the short-term consumer satisfactions that ensure the disaster will continue. Luckily, we can sway our brains, and those of others, to alter our behaviors. Duhaime describes concrete, achievable interventions that have been shown to encourage our neurological circuits to embrace new rewards. Such small, incremental steps that individuals take, whether in their roles as consumers, in the workplace, or in leadership positions, are necessary to mitigate climate change. The more we understand how our tendencies can be overridden by our brain’s capacity to adapt, Duhaime argues, the more likely we are to have a future.
Author: Jaak Panksepp
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393707318
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 593
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Book Description
What makes us happy? What makes us sad? How do we come to feel a sense of enthusiasm? What fills us with lust, anger, fear, or tenderness? Traditional behavioral and cognitive neuroscience have yet to provide satisfactory answers. The Archaeology of Mind presents an affective neuroscience approach—which takes into consideration basic mental processes, brain functions, and emotional behaviors that all mammals share—to locate the neural mechanisms of emotional expression. It reveals—for the first time—the deep neural sources of our values and basic emotional feelings. This book elaborates on the seven emotional systems that explain how we live and behave. These systems originate in deep areas of the brain that are remarkably similar across all mammalian species. When they are disrupted, we find the origins of emotional disorders: - SEEKING: how the brain generates a euphoric and expectant response - FEAR: how the brain responds to the threat of physical danger and death - RAGE: sources of irritation and fury in the brain - LUST: how sexual desire and attachments are elaborated in the brain - CARE: sources of maternal nurturance - GRIEF: sources of non-sexual attachments - PLAY: how the brain generates joyous, rough-and-tumble interactions - SELF: a hypothesis explaining how affects might be elaborated in the brain The book offers an evidence-based evolutionary taxonomy of emotions and affects and, as such, a brand-new clinical paradigm for treating psychiatric disorders in clinical practice.
Author: Harold Pashler
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1412950570
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 897
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Book Description
It's hard to conceive of a topic of more broad and personal interest than the study of the mind. In addition to its traditional investigation by the disciplines of psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience, the mind has also been a focus of study in the fields of philosophy, economics, anthropology, linguistics, computer science, molecular biology, education, and literature. In all these approaches, there is an almost universal fascination with how the mind works and how it affects our lives and our behavior. Studies of the mind and brain have crossed many exciting thresholds in recent years, and the study of mind now represents a thoroughly cross-disciplinary effort. Researchers from a wide range of disciplines seek answers to such questions as: What is mind? How does it operate? What is consciousness? This encyclopedia brings together scholars from the entire range of mind-related academic disciplines from across the arts and humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and computer science and engineering to explore the multidimensional nature of the human mind.
Author: Kenneth L. Davis
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393710580
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Book Description
A CHOICE Magazine Outstanding Academic Title of 2018. A novel approach to understanding personality, based on evidence that we share more than we realize with other mammals. This book presents the wealth of scientific evidence that our personality emerges from evolved primary emotions shared by all mammals. Yes, your dog feels love—and many other things too. These subcortically generated emotions bias our actions, alter our perceptions, guide our learning, provide the basis for our thoughts and memories, and become regulated over the course of our lives. Understanding personality development from the perspective of mammals is a groundbreaking approach, and one that sheds new light on the ways in which we as humans respond to life events, both good and bad. Jaak Panksepp, famous for discovering laughter in rats and for creating the field of affective neuroscience, died in April 2017. This book forms part of his lasting legacy and impact on a wide range of scientific and humanistic disciplines. It will be essential reading for anyone trying to understand how we act in the world, and the world’s impact on us.
Author: Steven M. Miller
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN: 9027268789
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 483
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Book Description
Philosophers of mind have been arguing for decades about the nature of phenomenal consciousness and the relation between brain and mind. More recently, neuroscientists and philosophers of science have entered the discussion. Which neural activities in the brain constitute phenomenal consciousness, and how could science distinguish the neural correlates of consciousness from its neural constitution? At what level of neural activity is consciousness constituted in the brain and what might be learned from well-studied phenomena like binocular rivalry, attention, memory, affect, pain, dreams and coma? What should the science of consciousness want to know and what should explanation look like in this field? How should the constitution relation be applied to brain and mind and are other relations like identity, supervenience, realization, emergence and causation preferable? Building on a companion volume on the constitution of visual consciousness (AiCR 90), this volume addresses these questions and related empirical and conceptual territory. It brings together, for the first time, scientists and philosophers to discuss this engaging interdisciplinary topic.
Author: Lee Alan Dugatkin
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 022644841X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 593
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Book Description
Since the last edition of this definitive textbook was published in 2013, much has happened in the field of animal behavior. In this fourth edition, Lee Alan Dugatkin draws on cutting-edge new work not only to update and expand on the studies presented, but also to reinforce the previous editions’ focus on ultimate and proximate causation, as well as the book’s unique emphasis on natural selection, learning, and cultural transmission. The result is a state-of-the-art textbook on animal behavior that explains underlying concepts in a way that is both scientifically rigorous and accessible to students. Each chapter in the book provides a sound theoretical and conceptual basis upon which the empirical studies rest. A completely new feature in this edition are the Cognitive Connection boxes in Chapters 2–17, designed to dig deep into the importance of the cognitive underpinnings to many types of behaviors. Each box focuses on a specific issue related to cognition and the particular topic covered in that chapter. As Principles of Animal Behavior makes clear, the tapestry of animal behavior is created from weaving all of these components into a beautiful whole. With Dugatkin’s exquisitely illustrated, comprehensive, and up-to-date fourth edition, we are able to admire that beauty anew.
Author: Eduardo J. Fernandez
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 1800622686
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Book Description
In the past couple of decades, Animal-Visitor Interactions (AVI), a type of Human-Animal Interaction (HAI), have become one of the major topics of interest for researchers working in zoos, especially in relation to animal welfare. This thought-provoking book summarizes the latest research concerning the impacts on HAIs in zoos, including the effects of visitors on animals and the effects of animals, exhibits, and the place itself on visitors. An invaluable resource for ethologists and animal behaviour and welfare students and practitioners, as well as social scientists and indeed anyone working with zoo animals.
Author: Daniel J. Siegel
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393708837
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 304
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Book Description
Distinguished clinicians explain what lies at the heart of change in effective psychotherapy. A wide range of distinguished scientists and clinicians discuss the nature of change in the therapeutic process. Jaak Panksepp, Ian McGilchrist, Ruth Lanius, Francine Shapiro, and other luminaries offer readers a powerful journey through mindful awareness, neural integration, affective neuroscience, and therapeutic presence to reveal the transformational nature of therapy. Healing Moments in Psychotherapy dives deep into the art and science of healing from the perspective of a variety of clinical approaches and scientific viewpoints, including interpersonal neurobiology. Through the voices of a dozen clinicians and scientists presenting their combined experiences and wisdom, it serves as a window into the process of healing. Practical examples and empowering research data support the ways in which therapeutic relationships can help catalyze health and restore wellness within psychotherapy.
