International Licensing and the Strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries PDF Download
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Author: Walter G. Park
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 49
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Book Description
Author: Walter G. Park
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 49
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Walter G. Park
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This paper assesses the effect of strengthened intellectual property rights in developing countries on international licensing activity. The analysis draws on indicators for four dimensions of intellectual property right stringency (covering patent rights, copyrights and trademark rights, as well as enforcement effectiveness) and on firm-level data related to licensing. Overall, the analysis points to a net positive effect of IPR strength on licensing activity, an effect that is strongest with respect to the indicators for patent rights and effective enforcement. Where developing countries have moved to address weaknesses in these areas in recent years, they have tended to experience increased inward licensing of intellectual assets. The overall implication is that intellectual property rights can play an important role in enabling firms in developing nations to access and exploit technologies and know-how through licensing agreements with parties in developed nations.
Author: Guifang Yang
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Development
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
There is considerable debate in economics literature on whether a decision by developing countries to strengthen their protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) will increase or reduce their access to modern technologies invented by industrial countries. This access can be achieved through technology transfer of various kinds, including foreign direct investment and licensing. Licensing is the focus of this paper. To the extent that inventing firms choose to act more monopolistically and offer fewer technologies on the market, stronger IPRs could reduce international technology flows. However, to the extent that IPRs raise the returns to innovation and licensing, these flows would expand. In theory, the outcome depends on how IPRs affect several variables--the costs of, and returns to, international licensing; the wage advantage of workers in poor countries; the innovation process in industrial countries; and the amount of labor available for innovation and production. Yang and Maskus develop a theoretical model in which firms in the North (industrial countries) innovate products of higher quality levels and decide whether to produce in the North or transfer production rights to the South (developing countries) through licensing. Different quality levels of each product are sold in equilibrium because of differences in consumers' willingness-to-pay for quality improvements. Contracting problems exist because the inventors in the North must indicate to licensees in the South whether their product is of higher or lower quality and also prevent the licensees from copying the technology. So, constraints in the model ensure that the equilibrium flow of licensing higher-quality goods meets these objectives. When the South strengthens its patent rights, copying by licensees is made costlier but the returns to licensing are increased. This change affects the dynamic decisions regarding innovation and technology transfer, which could rise or fall depending on market parameters, including the labor available for research and production. Results from the model show that the net effects depend on the balance between profits made by the Northern licensor and lower labor costs in the South. If the size of the labor force used in Northern innovation compared with that used in producing goods in both the North and South is sufficiently small (a condition that accords with reality), stronger IPRs in the South would lead to more licensing and innovation. This change would also increase the Southern wage relative to the Northern wage. So, in this model a decision by developing countries to increase their patent rights would expand global innovation and increase technology transfer. This result is consistent with recent empirical evidence. It should be noted that while the results suggest that international agreements to strengthen IPRs should expand global innovation and technology transfer through licensing, the model cannot be used for welfare analysis. Thus, while the developing countries enjoy more inward licensing, the cost per license could be higher, and prices could also rise, with an unclear overall effect on economic well-being. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of intellectual property rights on economic development.
Author: Keith Eugene Maskus
Publisher: Peterson Institute
ISBN: 9780881325973
Category : Intellectual property
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Author: Jeroen van Wijk
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 0788170716
Category : Intellectual property
Languages : en
Pages : 131
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Book Description
The proceedings of a seminar on the impact of plant breeders' rights in developing countries. Includes: the results of a study on plant breeders' rights in five Latin American countries; update of a 1983 study on plant breeders' rights in the U.S.; testing distinctness, uniformity & stability for plant variety protection; farmers' privilege, breeders' exemption & the essentially derived varieties concept; licensing of protected plant varieties -- international practice; possible effects of recent developments in plant-related intellectual property protection in Europe & the U.S.; & intellectual property rights & agriculture -- strategies & policies for developing countries.
Author: Carlos Alberto Primo Braga
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821347089
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
Over the course of history, different legal instruments for protecting intellectual property have emerged. These instruments differ in their subject matter, extent of protection, and field of application, reflecting society's objective to balance the interests of creators and consumers for different types of intellectual works. These legal instruments are just one of the pieces that form a national system of intellectual property protection. Also crucial to the system's overall effectiveness are the institutions administering these instruments, the mechanisms available for enforcing IPRs, and the rules regarding the treatment of non-nationals. To address some of the issues concerning IPRs, this paper defines what they are and attempts to evaluate the relationship between the protection of intellectual property and economic activity in developing countries. It also summarizes the economic effects of IPRs in terms of creation and diffusion of knowledge and information; and market structure and prices. Furthermore, it discusses the reformation of IPRs regimes and makes recommendations for their administration and enforcement. This paper consolidates some of the research from the 'World Development Report 1998/1999: Knowledge for Development' and some contributions made at an Internet-moderated conference conducted by the Bank's TechNet program. It will be of interest to governments, investors, and international organizations.
Author: Hiroyuki Odagiri
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191573450
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 464
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Book Description
For most countries, economic development involves a process of 'catching up' with leading countries at the time. This is never achieved solely by physical assets and labour alone: also needed are the accumulation of technological capabilities, educational attainment, entrepreneurship, and the development of the necessary institutional infrastructure. One element of this infrastructure is the regime of intellectual property rights (IPR), particularly patents. Patents may promote innovation and catch up, and they may foster formal technology transfer. Yet they may also prove to be barriers for developing countries that intend to acquire technologies through imitation and reverse engineering. The current move to harmonize the IPR system internationally, such as the TRIPS agreement, may thus have unexpected consequences for developing countries. This book explores these issues through an in depth study of eleven countries ranging from early developers (the USA, Nordic Countries and Japan), and Post World War 2 countries (Korea, Taiwan, Israel) to more recent emerging economies (Argentina, Brazil, China, India and Thailand). With contributions from international experts on innovation systems, this book will be an invaluable resource for academics and policymakers in the fields of economic development, innovation studies and intellectual property laws.
Author: Robert M Sherwood
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429714521
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
Speaking very roughly, countries with advanced economies tend to be those displaying intellectual property protection systems in which the public has a basic degree of confidence. Those systems, when they are thought about at all rather than taken for granted, are thought of as reasonably effective in safeguarding innovation and creative expression
Author: Michael Reber
Publisher: diplom.de
ISBN: 3832479570
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 73
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Book Description
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: In recent years governments, international organisations and companies have all strengthened their activities regarding intellectual property rights (IPR). On the one hand, these activities are a response to developments in technology, politics and international business, i.e. the globalisation processes in general. On the other hand, these activities reinforce the globalisation processes. Similar to many other global trends there is a strong interdependence between cause and effect. However, it is unquestionable that IPR have become increasing important in the last few years, both on the macro and micro-economic level, and there is ample evidence to believe that this trend will accelerate in the future. Today, and even more in the future, nobody can afford to ignore the implications of IPR, neither governments, nor management boards. Intellectual property is one of the key tools of future international business. Most international companies have already included related topics like intellectual capital or intangible assets into their business strategies. However, also governments have to recognise the growing importance of intellectual property rights. The legal framework for IPR is a considerable factor of the success of their national economies and hence the wealth of their countries. This thesis analyses the influence of IPR on countries and companies. In addition to the economical aspects of IPR, the historical, philosophical and other factors are given due consideration. Furthermore, this work examines the chances and risks of the new IP related conditions for countries and companies, as well as suitable strategies to cope with the new requirements. Companies have to create intelligent patent strategies in order to protect their assets, to use effectively their R&D resources, and thus to stay competitive. Intellectual property can be used as shield and sword in the battle against competitors. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: 1.INTRODUCTION6 2.BASICS7 2.1Intellectual property7 2.2Philosophical bases9 2.3History12 2.4Organisations, treaties and conventions15 2.5Statistics20 3.INFLUENCE OF IPR ON COUNTRIES24 3.1General global tendencies24 3.1.1Globalisation: The term that polarises the world24 3.1.2The growing importance of information and knowledge26 3.1.3Global tendencies in IPR29 3.2Chances and threats of IPR31 3.2.1Motivation for IPR - supporter's arguments38 3.2.2Objections to IPR - [...]
