Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution in Developing Countries PDF Download
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Author: Sheoli Pargal
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Contaminacion - Indonesia
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Author: Sheoli Pargal
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Contaminacion - Indonesia
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Author: Vinish Kathuria
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789993382652
Category : Pollution
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Author: David Wheeler
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
February 1995 The pollution intensity of emissions is much higher for plants located in poorer, less-educated communities than in richer, better educated ones. This difference appears to be too large to reflect preferences alone. Differential ability to pressure polluting firms may also be important. Pargal and Wheeler test a model of supply-demand relations in an implicit market for environmental services when formal regulation is absent. They use plant-level data from Indonesia for 1989 - 90, before the advent of nationwide environmental regulation. Treating pollution as a derived demand for environmental services, their model relates emissions of biological oxygen demand to the price (expected cost) of pollution; to prices of other inputs (labor, energy, materials); and to enterprise characteristics that may affect pollution demand, including scale, vintage, ownership, and efficiency. The price of pollution is determined by the intersection of plant-level demand and a local environmental supply function, enforced by community pressure or informal regulation. Environmental supply is affected by community income, education, the size of the exposed population, the local economic importance of the plant, and its visibility as a polluter. Their results are strongly consistent with the existence of an informal pollution equilibrium. Pollution intensity declines with increases in plant size, efficiency, and local materials prices. Older plants and publicly owned facilities are more pollution-intensive; multinational ownership has no independent effect. The results also suggest that the price of pollution is higher when plants are particularly visible and is far lower in poorer, less-educated communities. Thus, the intensity of pollution is far higher in such communities. While it would be premature to generalize from these results, they suggest that the model of optimal pollution control in environmental economics is more relevant for developing countries than many have believed. Community-factory interactions seem to reflect environmental supply-demand considerations even when formal regulation does not exist. In addition, the apparent power of informal regulation implies that cost-effective formal systems should be designed to complement, not supplant, community control. In particular: * Local communities should not be forced to rely so heavily on visibility when judging environmental performance. Formal regulation should include publication of audited emissions reports from factories. * Environmental injustice may be real and important. Many poor, uneducated communities may need extra support from national regulators. * However, appropriate regulation should strike the right balance between equity and efficiency. Uniform national standards go too far because they eliminate all the natural and legitimate regional diversity that is also reflected in informal arrangements. This paper -- a product of the Environment, Infrastructure, and Agriculture Division, Policy Research Department -- is part of a larger effort in the department to understand variations in pollution across firms. The authors may be contacted at
[email protected] or
[email protected].
Author: David Wheeler
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Critics of free trade have raised the specter of a "race to the bottom" in which environmental standards collapse because polluters threaten to relocate to "pollution havens" in the developing world. The flaw in the race-to-the-bottom model is that its basic assumptions misrepresent the political economy of pollution control in developing countries
Author: Sheoli Pargal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Contaminacion - Estados Unidos
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
Author: Sheoli Pargal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
In both countries the higher the level of community income, the lower the pollution intensity of local plants. This paper provides support for the idea that community-based pressure on plants to abate pollution exists, even in the presence of formal regulation.Pargal, Hettige, Singh, and Wheeler start from the premise that governments act as agents of the public in regulating pollution, using the instruments at their disposal. But when formal regulatory mechanisms are absent or ineffective, communities will seek other means of translating their preferences into reality. Recent empirical work suggests the widespread existence of such informal regulation: communities are often able to negotiate with or otherwise informally pressure polluting plants in their vicinity to clean up.Their thesis is that such informal regulation is likely wherever formal regulation leaves a gap between actual and locally preferred environmental quality. They use plant-level data from Indonesia and the United States - countries that are very different, both socioeconomically and in terms of pollution regulation - test a model of equilibrium pollution under informal regulation.Their results suggest three common elements across countries and pollutants:deg; Abatement is generally subject to significant scale economies.deg; Within-country variations in labor and energy prices have little impact on pollution intensity.deg; Community incomes have a powerful negative association with pollution intensity.Their findings on community income are especially important, as they suggest a powerful role for informal regulation whether or not formal regulation is in place. The impact of income disparity on intercounty differences in U.S. pollution intensities seems to match the impact in Indonesia. Undoubtedly, this reflects differences in both preference for environmental quality and ability to bring pressure on polluting factories. The fact that such disparities exist in the United States, even for traditionally regulated pollutants, shows that U.S. regulation has not been able to ensure uniform environmental quality for all citizens regardless of income class.This paper - a product of the Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the pollution abatement pressures faced by firms.
Author: Ranjula Bali Swain
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781032122687
Category : Ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
"The informal economy - broadly defined as economic activity that is not subject to government regulation or taxation - sustains a large part of the world's workforce. It is a diverse, complex and growing area of activity. However, being largely unregulated, its impact on the environment has not been closely scrutinised or analysed. This edited volume demonstrates that the informal sector is a major source of environmental pollution and a major reason behind the environmental degradation accompanying the expansion of economic activity in developing countries. Environmental regulation and economic incentive policies are difficult to implement in this sector because economic units are unregistered, geographically dispersed and difficult to identify. Moreover, given their limited capital base, they cannot afford to pay pollution fees or install pollution abating equipment. The informal manufacturing units, often operate under unscientific and unhealthy conditions, further contributing to polluting the environment. The book emphasizes and examines these challenges, and solutions, faced by various sectors of the informal economy, including urban waste pickers, small-scale farmers, informal workers, home-based workers, street vendors, and more. If the informal sector is to "Leave no one behind" (as the Sustainable Development Goals promise) and contribute to "Inclusive growth" (an objective of the green economy), then its impact on the economy as well as the environment has to be carefully considered. This book marks a significant contribution to the literature on both the informal economy and sustainable development, and will be of great interest to readers in economics, geography, politics, environment studies and public policy more broadly. Ranjula Bali Swain is Visiting Professor and Research Director at Center for Sustainability Research (CSR), Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden. She is also Professor of Economics at Södertörn University, Sweden. Uma Kambhampati is Head of School in the School of Politics Economics and International Relations and Professor, Department of Economics, University of Reading, UK"--
Author:
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780195211276
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Accompanying CD-ROM contains background and reference material for the text, including the text itself, as well as a slightly modified version of the World Bank's New ideas for pollution regulation (NIPR) web site, current as of 9/29/99. CD-ROM also includes Netscape, Adobe Acrobat, and Real Media audio/video player.
Author: Benjamin van Rooij
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental policy
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Over the last decades, some non-OECD countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia, Mexico, India and China have been rapidly industrializing. While this has had positive effects on economic growth, it has also caused pollution with severe effects . In response to the new pollution threat, most of the industrializing economies have installed pollution prevention and control regulations, and implementing institutions. In practice, however, the regulations often fail to achieve the desired results. This Research and Policy Note explains why the regulation of pollution in these countries is so difficult.
Author: Jérôme Foulon
Publisher: CIRANO
ISBN:
Category : Disclosure of information
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
"Both regulation and public disclosure belong in the environmental regulators' arsenal. Strong, clear standards combined with a significant, credible penalty system send the right signals to the regulated community, which responds by lowering pollution emissions. The public disclosure of environmental performance also provides strong additional incentives to pollution control"--Cover.
