Author: Reuben Adeolu Alabi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Income
Languages : en
Pages : 72

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Author: Lire Ersado
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Income
Languages : en
Pages : 28

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"The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets. "--World Bank web site.

Author: Mudesir Kasim
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3346117871
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 62

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Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 3.5, , language: English, abstract: The general objective of this study is to investigate the impact of income source diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. Commercial banks in Ethiopia are currently facing competition from non-bank institutions entry into the activities which was in the past only role of banks. Therefore, banks started searching new income sources rather than focusing only traditional inter-mediation income generating activities. Thus, this study was to examine the impact of income sources diversification on bank performance in case of some selected commercial banks in Ethiopia by using panel data over the period 2010-2015. The study used secondary data collected mainly from each sampled banks annual report financial statements. Since the data is secondary in nature, quantitative approach was adopted. This data was analyzed by using STATA version 12 and Microsoft Excel. Fixed effect model was used, since this model is preferred than the random effect model based on the hausman specification test. Return on asset (ROA) was used as dependent variable while income diversification (Div) as independent variable with control variables such as bank size (BS) in terms of total assets, equity/ assets ratio (EAR), loan/asset ratio (LAR) and expense/income ratio (Exp). The findings of the study show that the level of diversification has a positive impact on financial performance of Ethiopian commercial banks. In addition, the study also revealed that EAR, LAR and BS had positive impact on financial performance while Exp had negative impact. The results of the study are important for bankers to understand how income diversification affects the performance of banks. Therefore, the study recommended that banks should diversify their sources of income into interest and non-interest as well as reduce operating expense in effective way, so as to enhance their performance (ROA).

Author: Alexis L. Eakright
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 520

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Author: Nicholas Minot
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN: 0896291480
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 149

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Vietnam has experienced macroeconomic stability and high rates of economic growth since the mid-1990s; nevertheless, it remains one of the 30 poorest countries in the world. Within Vietnam, the Northern Uplands is the poorest region, as well as being the most dependent on agriculture. This report examines income diversification in the Northern Uplands, including its contribution to poverty reduction and the constraints currently limiting further diversification. Given that crop and income diversification have been identified as essential components in raising rural incomes and reducing rural poverty, this report has significant implications for those involved in formulating agricultural policy and devising development programs.

Author: Paudel, Susan
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 28

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This paper empirically investigates the role of off-farm and non-agricultural activities in Myanmar’s rural sector, based primarily on the nationally representative MLCS 2016/17. We find evidence of extensive diversification: rural households are generating about 25 percent of their income on the farm; the remaining income comes from wage labor (34 percent), non-agricultural businesses (27 percent), and about 15 percent from passive sources (remittances and others). More than half of rural households engage in non-farm activities. Despite this large participation, the non-farm sector is informal and has yet to reach its full job-creating potential. Diversification is broad-reaching, and prevalent at all levels of income; however, wealthier households participate more heavily in the non-farm sector. Land constraints, household size, education levels, and gender all appear correlated with households’ propensity to diversify. Since the start of the twin crises, we continue to see significant diversification in rural incomes and all sectors – farm and non-farm – suffering very similar income shocks.

Author: Santosh Kumar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Objectives: The paper is studying diversification in income of Indian banks and impact of income diversification on profitability and sustainability of industry, mainly in environment shift of recent financial crisis. Statistical analysis: The study is a multivariate regression analysis to find diversification score on the secondary data for Indian banking industry for sample period of 10 years, from 2006 to 2015. Score of diversifications are calculated at two stages as DS (1), DS (2) to find share of non-traditional income in total income and categorization in non-traditional income respectively. The impact on the different income categories ; Share of Non Interest Income(SNI), Share of fee Based Income (S FI), Share of Other Income(S OT), are tested against selected control variables. F-test used to test hypothesis as direct association with two set of variables. Further criterion scores techniques (SIC), (AIC) and (HQIC) are use as model improvement to test goodness of fit of the model.Findings: The study found that income shift of new business lines helps banks to improve their profitability by dint of many barriers in implementation. The growth trend of such income is not stable during whole study period, majorly due to global financial crisis. In the library of literatures, the share of non-interest based income activities and fee based income sources has been more distinct for Private and Foreign banks, even though SBI and Its associate's banks are not far behind them. The role of the study to highlight the path for banks adopting new Non-interest income streams to enhance profitability and continuity in profitability. As reported, diversification in non-interest income sources may have positive impact on overall profitability and risk-adjusted performance along with improvement in stability of banking system. Other non-interest incomes are more changeable in compare to Fee based income generated by fee, commission and brokerage activity. By dint of many good effect of diversification banks, mainly in Indian context should take appropriate majors while diversification of its income.Application/Improvements: The study provide a complete understanding about the positive effect of income diversification on profitability of banks but the decision makers should take appropriate majors, while taking diversification decision.

Author: Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000573435
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 152

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Book Description
Economic diversification entails a shift away from a single income source toward multiple income sources from an increasing spectrum of sectors and markets. A persistent concern for some Asian and African economies is their reliance on commodity exports and how they are exposed to the risk of export volatility and income instability. The Covid-19 pandemic and previous oil crashes have demonstrated the adverse impact on such economies. This book provides a systemic analysis of sustainable economic development through economic diversification. The book analyzes diversification and development experiences from comparative perspectives of Asia and Africa. It also investigates determinants of export diversification differentiated by commodities-dependence versus manufactured products and looks at the roles of various institutions and governance of institutions in export diversification. This book will provide policy insights into how different degrees of specialisation in exports across countries have affected outcomes in terms of living standards, economic growth and employment.

Author: Lire Ersado
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 28

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Book Description
The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets.

Author: Dongyeol Lee
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1498315658
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 24

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Book Description
Export structure is less diversified in low-income countries (LICs) and especially small states that face resource constraints and small economic size. This paper explores the potential linkages between export structure and economic growth and its volatility in LICs and small states, using a range of indices of export concentration differing in the coverage of industries. The empirical analysis finds that export diversification may promote economic growth and reduce economic volatility in these countries. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the economic benefits of export diversification differ by country size and income level—there are bigger benefits for relatively larger and poorer countries within the group of LICs and small states.