Identification of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.) of Arkansas Using Molecular Diagnostics PDF Download
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Author: Churamani Khanal
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321376111
Category : Plant nematodes
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are highly-adaptable, obligate plant parasites distributed worldwide. In addition, root-knot nematodes are an economically important genus of plant-parasitic nematodes. Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. hapla and M. graminis have been reported from Arkansas during 1964 to 1994. Previous identifications were based primarily on morphological characters and host differentials. In this study, identification using molecular diagnostics methods was performed to identify Meloidogyne species present in Arkansas. A total of 106 soil and root samples from 36 of the 75 counties were collected and processed to obtain root-knot nematodes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a region between cytochrome oxidase II and 16s ribosomal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes of root-knot nematodes. Of the species identified in the present survey, M. incognita was the most abundant followed by a few isolated samples of M. marylandi, M. haplanaria, M. hapla, M. arenaria and M. partityla. As a result of the sequencing analysis, a new set of PCR primers that amplifies the same region of mtDNA was designed to identify M. incognita. Furthermore, a species specific PCR protocol was developed using mitochondrial marker for routine nematode identifications of the most common species, M. incognita. Additionally, cultures of different species identified were established and maintained in the greenhouse on a suitable host to facilitate future research. Since correct identification of species in the field is imperative for effective control of any pathogen, findings from this research will be useful in developing suitable crop management strategies in Arkansas.
Author: Churamani Khanal
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321376111
Category : Plant nematodes
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are highly-adaptable, obligate plant parasites distributed worldwide. In addition, root-knot nematodes are an economically important genus of plant-parasitic nematodes. Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. hapla and M. graminis have been reported from Arkansas during 1964 to 1994. Previous identifications were based primarily on morphological characters and host differentials. In this study, identification using molecular diagnostics methods was performed to identify Meloidogyne species present in Arkansas. A total of 106 soil and root samples from 36 of the 75 counties were collected and processed to obtain root-knot nematodes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a region between cytochrome oxidase II and 16s ribosomal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes of root-knot nematodes. Of the species identified in the present survey, M. incognita was the most abundant followed by a few isolated samples of M. marylandi, M. haplanaria, M. hapla, M. arenaria and M. partityla. As a result of the sequencing analysis, a new set of PCR primers that amplifies the same region of mtDNA was designed to identify M. incognita. Furthermore, a species specific PCR protocol was developed using mitochondrial marker for routine nematode identifications of the most common species, M. incognita. Additionally, cultures of different species identified were established and maintained in the greenhouse on a suitable host to facilitate future research. Since correct identification of species in the field is imperative for effective control of any pathogen, findings from this research will be useful in developing suitable crop management strategies in Arkansas.
Author: Susan B. Jepson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
History of the genus Meloidogyne up to Chitwood; Classification of Meloidogyne; Species combinations recognized in the present work; Species of known economic importance; Symptioms of root-knot nematode damage; Problems associated with identification of Meloidogyne species; Aspects of control; The necessity for identification to species some examples; Hosts and distributions of Meloidogyne species; Preparation methods for culturing and identification; Character assessment and description of diferential characters for identification; Comparative morphology and descriptions of species; keys the identification of Meloidogyne species; Descriptions of two new Meloidogyne species.
Author: Roland N. Perry
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 1845934938
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 532
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Book Description
This book provides an overview (chapter 1) of the general biology, ecology and economic importance of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), and covers in detail the following: general morphology (chapter 2); taxonomy, identification and principal species (chapter 3); biochemical and molecular identification (chapter 4); molecular taxonomy and phylogeny (chapter 5); hatch and host location (chapter 6); invasion, feeding and development (chapter 7); reproduction, physiology and biochemistry (chapter 8); survival mechanisms (chapter 9); interactions with other pathogens (chapter 10); population dynamics and damage levels (chapter 11); sampling (chapter 12); mechanisms and genetics of resistance (chapter 13); development of resistant cultivars (chapter 14); plant biotechnology and control (chapter 15); complete sequence of the genomes of M. incognita and M. hapla (chapter 16); biological control using microbial pathogens, endophytes and antagonists (chapter 17); current and future management strategies in intensive crop production systems (chapter 18); and current and future management strategies in resource-poor farming (chapter 19).
Author: J. M. Stanton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant nematodes
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
Author: Sergei A. Subbotin
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004387587
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 871
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Book Description
This book is the first complete illustrated compendium of root-knot nematode species from the genus Meloidogyne including 97 species descriptions with comprehensive diagnoses, information on biology, plant-hosts, pathogenicity, symptoms, distribution and biochemical and molecular diagnostics.
Author: Jorge Morales-Montor
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 180355567X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 401
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Book Description
This book provides updated information on helminth infections, with proposals for new treatments and biological factors of risk, the development of vaccines for the control of helminthiasis and explains the latest research on the field. It also delves into multi-omics, diagnosis, immunology, and novel molecule targets. In addition, the book examines topics such as host-parasite interaction. Key Features: • Provides basic and clinical evidence based on molecular interactions to address the risks and benefits of helminthiasis • Presents the results of new vaccine development • Discusses new and old therapeutic approaches in helminth infections • Delves into advances in the molecular and immune response in helminth infection • Proposes a One Health approach to study helminth infections • Analyzes the controversies and confusions in the management, biology, and control strategies of helminth infections • Examines the basic biology of helminth parasites
Author: Makedonka Dautova
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789058084286
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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Book Description
Nematodes constitute the largest and most ubiquitous physlum of the animal kingdom. They live predominantly in fresh water and soil. In soils they can be present in numbers ranging from 1.8 to 120 millions per square meter. Only a minority is parasitic on species from the plant kingdom. Plant parasitic nematodes are studiedmainly because of the economic damage they cause in crops as a result from morphological and physiological abnormalities induced in plants. The root-knot nematodes belong to the genus Meloidogyne (Goeldi, 1892) and constitute a major group of plant parasites of economic importance. Their wide distribution due to their ability to survive in diverse environmental conditions enamore than 2,000 plant species. The annual losses caused by root-knot nematodes are in the range of 10% worldwide. The damage inflicted in certain regions of developing countries may be as much as 25-50%. At present there are 80 nominal root-knot nematode species described. The four most common species, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. hapla, are responsible for nearly 90% of the losses caused by root knot nematodes. One way of environmentally satisfactory control is growth of resistant varieties but virulent populations that overcome resistance occur and hamper the use of resistant cultivars. In spite of economic importnace of the tomato crop in Macedonia, knowledge on the distribution of Meloidogyne spp. is scarce and even completely absent if intraspecific variations are considered. These omissions seriously impede implementation of proper management system the distribution of Meloidogyne populations virulent and avirulent on tomato cultivars bearing the Mi-gene for resistance was assessed. Capter 2 - Seventy-three isolates from 9 locations (fields and glassHouses) were identified and their behaviour on two susceptible and two Mi resistant tomato cultivars was compared. M. incognita (47, 9%) and M. javanica (35.6%) are thepredominant species followed by M. arenaria (13,7%), and, sporadically, M. hapla (2,7%) was found in M. incognita (11%) and M. javanica (46%) as well as in M. arenaria(50%) infestations. M. hapla isolates were virulent on all tomato genotypes tested. The MI=gene does not confer resistance to M. hapla. The results presented in Chapter 2 show that growing Mi-resistant tomato cultivars in a cropping system is beneficial in case avirulent populations are present. A problem may be that after prolonged selection pressure virulent populations may arise from avirulent ones. Then combinations of control strategies are necessary, such as crop rotation, biological control and fallow, eventually extended with steam sterilisation or the use of traditional nematicides. Variability in the behaviour of a nematode population is a reflection of the genetic strutuvre of that population. Revealing the genetic information contained in the nematode's genome contributes to reliabre predictions of their behaviour in the field. The genome of the all animals consists of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Population genetic studies can be conducted by studying polymorphism at the DNA level of both subsets. In Chapter 3 - we have studied gentic variation in 16 M.incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria, populations. In this chapter, genetic variation in the Meloidogyne spp. populations was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in nuclear DNA and tandem repeats (TR) in mtDNA in order to reveal genetic divergence at different hierarchical levels. Even though the examined populations belong to obligatory mitotic parthenogenetic species genetic differences were detected within and among populations. The proportion of polymorphic fragments in the nuclear and mtDNA genomes respectively were lower in M. incognita (32% nad 20% respectively)as compared to portions in M. javanica (52% and 40% respectively) and M. arenaria (61% and 50% respectively). Genetic distances based on the AFLP patterns have assigned the populations into theree clusters comensurate with their respective species identities. The theree principle coordinate analysis situated M. incognita as the most genetically distinct of the three species. Polymorphisms generated by differences of mtDNA in the tandem array of 63-bp repeats, showed that M. incognita individuals were the most heteroplasmic, where as at the population level M. incognita was the most homogenous (13% overall diversity) followed by M.javanica (24%0 and M.arenaria (35%0. Comparing the intraspecific genetic distances based on nuclear and mtDNA markers has only revealid a positive correlation between both approaches with regard to the M. arenaria populations. Exploring the nematode's genome with molecular techniques may directly lead us to the genes involved in parasitism of plants. By definition these nematode genes are pivotal for host penetration, intercellular migration an feeding on plants. Their identification may help to design resistant strategies for pest control as they potentially make good targets for bioengineering anti-nematode strategies. In Chapter 4 - we have presented the analysis of 1,000 random sequences obtained from a cDNA library. These so-called expressed sequence tags (EST) have shown to be a powerful method to identify genes expressed at a certain time point of the nematode life cycle. The parasitic cycle involves various distinct stages, plant penetration and intercellular migration, and feeding site initiation and maintenance. There-fore, cDNA libraries convering these main stages may provide insight in the molecular fundaments of plant parasitism by root knot nematodes. In chapter 4 a cDNA library of preparasitic J2s of Meloidogyne incognita was used, which covered the initial phases of the parasitic cycle - plant penetration and intercellular migration. The ESTs were clustered into 9 functional groups. Candidate parasitism genes (3,1%) included all parasitism genes identified to date as well as novel ones. A more challenging group is the class 'Pioneering sequences' (33,9% of the ESTs). Several analytical steps that may help in assigning a function to these novel sequences are discussed. One of the expressed sequence tag was categorised into the Candidate parasitism genes group because it showed homology to a cell wall degrading enzyme - a xylanase (Chapter 5) The partial sequence of the EST was used to obtain a full-length transcript of 1220 nt encoding an open reading frame (Mi-Xy11) of 37.6 kDa. Hydrolase. Whole mount in situ hybridisation showed specific labelling of a Mi-xyll probe in the presence of two homologues in M. incognita whereas no hybridisation was found with genomic DNA fragments of Caenorhabditis elegans and cyst nematodes. Recombinant Mi-xyll protein, produced in Escherichia coli, exhibited hydrolytic activity on xylan and carboxymethylcellulose. The plant cell wall can be considered as an effective barrierthat protects the plant from invasion by pathogens and parasites. It is a highly organised network composed of different polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds. Recently endoglucagenases were identified in plant-parasitic nematodes. In this thesis evidence is provided for the presence of hemicellulolytic enzymes in plant-parasitic nematodes. This finding suggests that plant parasitic nematodes make use of a suite of cell wall degrading enzymes with overlapping activities to faciliate plant invasion. Root knot nematodes are able to propagate on both monocots and dicots. It is hypothesised that the xylanases genes in these nematode species enable invasion of monocots, which have a significantly higher xyland content in the cell walls. Based on phylogenetic and hydrophobic cluster analysis the nematode xylanases seen to be closer related to bacterial xylanases than to homologyes in other animals, plants and fungi. This observation is commensurate with the findigns with pectinases and cellulases in nematodes, which suggests that this type of genes may have been acquired from bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. More lines of evidence are needed to support these hypotheses.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nematode diseases of plants
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
Author: Joseph Neal Sasser
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Root-knot nematodes
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
Author: William R. Nickle
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000147711
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1064
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Book Description
Nickle (Beltsille Agricultural Research Center of the USDA) has engaged 29 internationally known experts to replace the classic work of I.N. Filipjev (1934) and its translated revision (Schuurmans Stekhoven, Jr., 1941) with a modern work taking note of 188 additional genera, and 4,650 more species.
