Atlas of Early Zebrafish Brain Development PDF Download
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Author: Dr. Thomas Mueller
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0124172865
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 260
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Book Description
Atlas of Early Zebrafish Brain Development: A Tool for Molecular Neurogenetics, Second Edition, remains the only neuroanatomical expression atlas of important genetic and immunohistochemical markers of this vertebrate model system. It represents a key reference and interpretation matrix for analyzing expression domains of genes involved in Zebrafish brain development and neurogenesis, and serves as a continuing milestone in this research area. This updated volume provides in-situ hybridized and immunostained preparations of complete series of brain sections, revealing markers of the fundamental stages in the life history of neuronal cells in very high quality preparations and photographic plates. Specific additions to this edition include documentation on the distribution of neurons expressing GABA, dopamine and serotonin, material on the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and the caudal, segmented part of the diencephalon, new theories on the early organization of the telencephalon and thalamus, and integration of a comparative perspective on the mid- and hindbrain. - Documentation on the distribution of neurons expressing GABA, dopamine and serotonin - Material on the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and the caudal, segmented part of the diencephalon - New theories about the early organization of the telencephalon and thalamus - Integration of a comparative perspective on the mid- and hindbrain
Author: Dr. Thomas Mueller
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0124172865
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Get Book Here
Book Description
Atlas of Early Zebrafish Brain Development: A Tool for Molecular Neurogenetics, Second Edition, remains the only neuroanatomical expression atlas of important genetic and immunohistochemical markers of this vertebrate model system. It represents a key reference and interpretation matrix for analyzing expression domains of genes involved in Zebrafish brain development and neurogenesis, and serves as a continuing milestone in this research area. This updated volume provides in-situ hybridized and immunostained preparations of complete series of brain sections, revealing markers of the fundamental stages in the life history of neuronal cells in very high quality preparations and photographic plates. Specific additions to this edition include documentation on the distribution of neurons expressing GABA, dopamine and serotonin, material on the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and the caudal, segmented part of the diencephalon, new theories on the early organization of the telencephalon and thalamus, and integration of a comparative perspective on the mid- and hindbrain. - Documentation on the distribution of neurons expressing GABA, dopamine and serotonin - Material on the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and the caudal, segmented part of the diencephalon - New theories about the early organization of the telencephalon and thalamus - Integration of a comparative perspective on the mid- and hindbrain
Author: Malcolm G. Parker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
An overview of the supergene family made up of those nuclear hormone receptors which recognize thyroid and steroid hormones, vitamen D and retinoic acid and which are characterized by their ability to bind both ligands and the genes which respond to them.
Author: Daniel H. Barnett
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The physiological effects of natural and synthetic estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), and estrogen receptor beta (ER beta). Within the nucleus of target cells, ER alpha and ER beta serve as ligand-activated transcription factors to stimulate or repress the transcription of estrogen receptor regulated genes. ER alpha and ER beta may be co-expressed in estrogen-responsive cells, but may also be differentially expressed in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. In addition, within a given context these two receptors have different ligand binding and transcriptional activities. Taken together, these attributes underlie differences in target gene regulation, and overall, different physiological actions by ER subtypes. The work described here is an attempt to understand the roles of ER alpha and ER beta in target tissues (e.g. bone, breast, uterus) including the gene networks and cell signaling pathways under ER regulation. We have also characterized the regulation of one of the ER-regulated genes, Carbonic Anhydrase XII, and examined its regulation by ER alpha through use of a conserved distal enhancer. The work described here reports the characterization of individual gene regulatory actions of ER alpha and ER beta. To investigate the individual actions of ER alpha or ER beta, we utilized Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to profile transcripts regulated by 17beta-estradiol (E2) in U2OS-ER alpha and U2OS-ER beta cells. These cell lines were constructed by stable integration of ER alpha or ER beta into human osteoblast-like U2OS osteosarcoma cells and initially characterized for ER subtype expression, E2-binding, and cellular responses to E2, including proliferation, motility, and adhesion. Cells expressing apo-ER alpha or apo-ER beta did not show significant alteration in adhesion or proliferation after addition of E2, however there was a significant stimulation of migration in E2-treated ER beta-expressing cells. U2OS-ER alpha, and U2OS-ER beta cells were treated with 10 nM E2 for 0, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours and total RNA was collected and hybridized to Affymetryx U95Av2 GeneChips and subjected to a Confidence Score to determine E2-regulated RNAs. Of the ca. 100 stimulated or repressed genes identified, some were stimulated by E2 equally through ER alpha and ER beta, whereas others were selectively stimulated via ER alpha or ER beta. The E2-regulated genes showed three distinct temporal patterns of expression over the 48 hour time course studied. Among stimulated genes, ER alpha-containing cells exhibited a greater number of regulated transcripts, and overall magnitude of stimulation was increased as compared those regulated by ER beta. Of the functional categories of the E2-regulated genes, most numerous were those encoding cytokines and factors associated with immune response, signal transduction, and cell migration and cytoskeleton regulation, indicating that E2 can exert effects on multiple pathways in these osteoblast-like cell lines. Of note, E2 up-regulated several genes associated with cell motility selectively via ER beta, in keeping with the selective E2 enhancement of the motility of ER beta-containing cells. On genes regulated equally by E2 via ER alpha or ER beta, the phytoestrogen genistein preferentially stimulated gene expression via ER beta. These studies indicate both common as well as distinct target genes for these two ERs, and identify many novel genes not previously known to be under estrogen regulation. We have examined the ER regulation of the Carbonic Anhydrase XII (CA12) gene, a gene identified as E2-regulated in the studies described above. We investigated the expression of CA12 and its and regulation of by 17beta-estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer cells, and characterize the ER usage of a distal enhancer necessary for CA12 gene regulation. We find that CA12 expression is highly correlated with ER alpha expression in human breast tumors. We demonstrate that E2 and SERMS increase CA12 mRNA and protein in multiple breast cancer cell types expressing ER alpha, and that CA12 regulation by estrogen is a primary transcriptional response mediated by ER alpha. By genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP scanning of the CA12 locus, we find E2-occupied ER alpha is recruited to a distal region 6.1 kb upstream of the CA12 transcription start site (TSS) in vivo. We find that E2 treatment results in recruitment of RNA polymerase II and steroid receptor coactivators SRC-2 and SRC-3 to the CA12 genomic locus and is correlated with increased histone H4 acetylation. Mutagenesis of an imperfect estrogen-responsive element within this -6.1kb distal enhancer region abolishes estrogen-dependent heterologous reporter activity. Chromosome conformation capture (3C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that this distal enhancer communicates with the transcriptional start site of the CA12 gene via intra-chromosomal looping upon hormone treatment. This distal enhancer element is observed in the homologous mouse genomic sequence, and the expression of the mouse homolog, Car12, is rapidly and robustly stimulated by estradiol in the mouse uterus in vivo, suggesting that the ER regulation of CA12 is mechanistically and evolutionarily conserved. Our findings highlight the crucial role of ER in regulation of the CA12 gene, and provide insight into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism that accounts for the strong association of CA12 and ER in human breast cancers. In addition, our findings imply that involvement of long distance enhancers in regulation of estrogen-responsive genes in breast cancer may be more frequent than previously appreciated.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309171318
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 311
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Book Description
Each year more than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women in the U.S. If cancer is detected when small and local, treatment options are less dangerous, intrusive, and costly-and more likely to lead to a cure. Yet those simple facts belie the complexity of developing and disseminating acceptable techniques for breast cancer diagnosis. Even the most exciting new technologies remain clouded with uncertainty. Mammography and Beyond provides a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the state of breast cancer screening and diagnosis and recommends steps for developing the most reliable breast cancer detection methods possible. This book reviews the dramatic expansion of breast cancer awareness and screening, examining the capabilities and limitations of current and emerging technologies for breast cancer detection and their effectiveness at actually reducing deaths. The committee discusses issues including national policy toward breast cancer detection, roles of public and private agencies, problems in determining the success of a technique, availability of detection methods to specific populations of women, women's experience during the detection process, cost-benefit analyses, and more. Examining current practices and specifying research and other needs, Mammography and Beyond will be an indispensable resource to policy makers, public health officials, medical practitioners, researchers, women's health advocates, and concerned women and their families.
Author: Xiaoting Zhang
Publisher: Humana Press
ISBN: 9783030075934
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 432
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Book Description
The discovery of ER by Dr. Elwood Jensen exactly 60 years ago has not only led to the birth of a whole new vital nuclear receptor research field but also made a rapid, direct and lasting impact on the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Since that landmark discovery, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular functions of ER and development of targeted therapies against ER pathways for breast cancer treatment. However, there is currently no book available addressing these discoveries and recent advancement in a historical and systematic fashion. This book is intended to provide comprehensive, most up-to-date information on the history and recent advancement of ER and breast cancer by world renowned leaders in the field. These chapters include the history of the discovery of ER; physiological and pathological roles of ER; recent discovery of ER cistrome, transcriptome and its regulation of noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs and enhancer RNAs in breast cancer; development and clinical practices of the first targeted therapy Tamoxifen and other antiestrogens for breast cancer treatment; structural basis of ER and antiestrogen actions; molecular insights into endocrine resistance; the role of ER mutants, ER-beta and environmental estrogens in breast cancer; and emerging state-of-the-art therapeutic approaches currently in development to overcome treatment resistance and future perspectives. The book will provide undergraduate and graduate students, basic scientists and clinical cancer researchers, residents, fellows, as well as clinicians, oncology educators and the general public a thorough and authoritative review of these exciting topics.
Author: William L. McGuire
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
Author: Timothy R. Hughes
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 904819069X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
Transcription factors are the molecules that the cell uses to interpret the genome: they possess sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, and either directly or indirectly influence the transcription of genes. In aggregate, transcription factors control gene expression and genome organization, and play a pivotal role in many aspects of physiology and evolution. This book provides a reference for major aspects of transcription factor function, encompassing a general catalogue of known transcription factor classes, origins and evolution of specific transcription factor types, methods for studying transcription factor binding sites in vitro, in vivo, and in silico, and mechanisms of interaction with chromatin and RNA polymerase.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 1064
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Book Description
Author: Lucy W. Barrett
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3034806795
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 63
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Book Description
There is now compelling evidence that the complexity of higher organisms correlates with the relative amount of non-coding RNA rather than the number of protein-coding genes. Previously dismissed as “junk DNA”, it is the non-coding regions of the genome that are responsible for regulation, facilitating complex temporal and spatial gene expression through the combinatorial effect of numerous mechanisms and interactions working together to fine-tune gene expression. The major regions involved in regulation of a particular gene are the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions and introns. In addition, pervasive transcription of complex genomes produces a variety of non-coding transcripts that interact with these regions and contribute to regulation. This book discusses recent insights into the regulatory roles of the untranslated gene regions and non-coding RNAs in the control of complex gene expression, as well as the implications of this in terms of organism complexity and evolution.
Author: Carsten Carlberg
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9401777411
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 219
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Book Description
This textbook aims to describe the fascinating area of eukaryotic gene regulation for graduate students in all areas of the biomedical sciences. Gene expression is essential in shaping the various phenotypes of cells and tissues and as such, regulation of gene expression is a fundamental aspect of nearly all processes in physiology, both in healthy and in diseased states. This pivotal role for the regulation of gene expression makes this textbook essential reading for students of all the biomedical sciences, in order to be better prepared for their specialized disciplines. A complete understanding of transcription factors and the processes that alter their activity is a major goal of modern life science research. The availability of the whole human genome sequence (and that of other eukaryotic genomes) and the consequent development of next-generation sequencing technologies have significantly changed nearly all areas of the biological sciences. For example, the genome-wide location of histone modifications and transcription factor binding sites, such as provided by the ENCODE consortium, has greatly improved our understanding of gene regulation. Therefore, the focus of this book is the description of the post-genome understanding of gene regulation. The purpose of this book is to provide, in a condensed form, an overview on the present understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation. The authors are not aiming to compete with comprehensive treatises, but rather focus on the essentials. Therefore, the authors have favored a high figure-to-text ratio following the rule stating that “a picture tells more than thousand words”. The content of the book is based on the lecture course, which is given by Prof. Carlberg since 2001 at the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio. The book is subdivided into 4 sections and 13 chapters. Following the Introduction there are three sections, which take a view on gene regulation from the perspective of transcription factors, chromatin and non-coding RNA, respectively. Besides its value as a textbook, Mechanisms of Gene Regulation will be a useful reference for individuals working in biomedical laboratories.
