Author: Valentina Emilia Balas
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128199202
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
Book Description
Health Care Paradigms in the Internet of Things Ecosystem brings all IoT-enabled health care related technologies into a single platform so that undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians and industry leaders can easily understand IoT-based healthcare systems. The book uses data and network engineering and intelligent decision support system-by-design principles to design a reliable IoT-enabled health care ecosystem and to implement cyber-physical pervasive infrastructure solutions. It takes the reader on a journey that begins with understanding the healthcare monitoring paradigm in IoT-enabled technologies and how it can be applied in various aspects. In addition, the book walks readers through real-time challenges and presents a guide on how to build a safe infrastructure for IoT-based health care. It also helps researchers and practitioners understand the e-health care architecture through IoT and the state-of-the-art in IoT countermeasures. Readers will find this to be a comprehensive discussion on functional frameworks for IoT-based healthcare systems, intelligent medicine, RFID technology, HMI, Cognitive Interpretation, Brain-Computer Interface, Remote Health Monitoring systems, wearable sensors, WBAN, and security and privacy issues in IoT-based health care monitoring systems. - Presents the complete functional framework workflow in IoT-enabled healthcare technologies - Explains concepts of location-aware protocols and decisive mobility in IoT healthcare - Provides complete coverage of intelligent data processing and wearable sensor technologies in IoT-enabled healthcare - Explores the Human Machine Interface and its implications in patient-care systems in IoT healthcare - Explores security and privacy issues and challenges related to data-intensive technologies in healthcare-based Internet of Things
Healthcare Paradigms in the Internet of Things Ecosystem
Author: Valentina Emilia Balas
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128199202
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
Book Description
Health Care Paradigms in the Internet of Things Ecosystem brings all IoT-enabled health care related technologies into a single platform so that undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians and industry leaders can easily understand IoT-based healthcare systems. The book uses data and network engineering and intelligent decision support system-by-design principles to design a reliable IoT-enabled health care ecosystem and to implement cyber-physical pervasive infrastructure solutions. It takes the reader on a journey that begins with understanding the healthcare monitoring paradigm in IoT-enabled technologies and how it can be applied in various aspects. In addition, the book walks readers through real-time challenges and presents a guide on how to build a safe infrastructure for IoT-based health care. It also helps researchers and practitioners understand the e-health care architecture through IoT and the state-of-the-art in IoT countermeasures. Readers will find this to be a comprehensive discussion on functional frameworks for IoT-based healthcare systems, intelligent medicine, RFID technology, HMI, Cognitive Interpretation, Brain-Computer Interface, Remote Health Monitoring systems, wearable sensors, WBAN, and security and privacy issues in IoT-based health care monitoring systems. - Presents the complete functional framework workflow in IoT-enabled healthcare technologies - Explains concepts of location-aware protocols and decisive mobility in IoT healthcare - Provides complete coverage of intelligent data processing and wearable sensor technologies in IoT-enabled healthcare - Explores the Human Machine Interface and its implications in patient-care systems in IoT healthcare - Explores security and privacy issues and challenges related to data-intensive technologies in healthcare-based Internet of Things
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128199202
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
Book Description
Health Care Paradigms in the Internet of Things Ecosystem brings all IoT-enabled health care related technologies into a single platform so that undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians and industry leaders can easily understand IoT-based healthcare systems. The book uses data and network engineering and intelligent decision support system-by-design principles to design a reliable IoT-enabled health care ecosystem and to implement cyber-physical pervasive infrastructure solutions. It takes the reader on a journey that begins with understanding the healthcare monitoring paradigm in IoT-enabled technologies and how it can be applied in various aspects. In addition, the book walks readers through real-time challenges and presents a guide on how to build a safe infrastructure for IoT-based health care. It also helps researchers and practitioners understand the e-health care architecture through IoT and the state-of-the-art in IoT countermeasures. Readers will find this to be a comprehensive discussion on functional frameworks for IoT-based healthcare systems, intelligent medicine, RFID technology, HMI, Cognitive Interpretation, Brain-Computer Interface, Remote Health Monitoring systems, wearable sensors, WBAN, and security and privacy issues in IoT-based health care monitoring systems. - Presents the complete functional framework workflow in IoT-enabled healthcare technologies - Explains concepts of location-aware protocols and decisive mobility in IoT healthcare - Provides complete coverage of intelligent data processing and wearable sensor technologies in IoT-enabled healthcare - Explores the Human Machine Interface and its implications in patient-care systems in IoT healthcare - Explores security and privacy issues and challenges related to data-intensive technologies in healthcare-based Internet of Things
Principles of Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem: Insight Paradigm
Author: Sheng-Lung Peng
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030335968
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 636
Book Description
This book discusses the evolution of future-generation technologies through the Internet of things, bringing together all the related technologies on a single platform to offer valuable insights for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academics and industry practitioners. The book uses data, network engineering and intelligent decision- support system-by-design principles to design a reliable IoT-enabled ecosystem and to implement cyber-physical pervasive infrastructure solutions. It takes readers on a journey that begins with understanding the insight paradigm of IoT-enabled technologies and how it can be applied. It walks readers through engaging with real-time challenges and building a safe infrastructure for IoT-based, future-generation technologies. The book helps researchers and practitioners to understand the design architecture through IoT and the state of the art in IoT countermeasures. It also highlights the differences between heterogeneous platforms in IoT-enabled infrastructure and traditional ad hoc or infrastructural networks, and provides a comprehensive discussion on functional frameworks for IoT, object identification, IoT domain model, RFID technology, wearable sensors, WBAN, IoT semantics, knowledge extraction, and security and privacy issues in IoT-based ecosystems. Written by leading international experts, it explores IoT-enabled insight paradigms, which are utilized for the future benefit of humans. It also includes references to numerous works. Divided into stand-alone chapters, this highly readable book is intended for specialists, researchers, graduate students, designers, experts, and engineers involved in research on healthcare-related issues.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030335968
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 636
Book Description
This book discusses the evolution of future-generation technologies through the Internet of things, bringing together all the related technologies on a single platform to offer valuable insights for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academics and industry practitioners. The book uses data, network engineering and intelligent decision- support system-by-design principles to design a reliable IoT-enabled ecosystem and to implement cyber-physical pervasive infrastructure solutions. It takes readers on a journey that begins with understanding the insight paradigm of IoT-enabled technologies and how it can be applied. It walks readers through engaging with real-time challenges and building a safe infrastructure for IoT-based, future-generation technologies. The book helps researchers and practitioners to understand the design architecture through IoT and the state of the art in IoT countermeasures. It also highlights the differences between heterogeneous platforms in IoT-enabled infrastructure and traditional ad hoc or infrastructural networks, and provides a comprehensive discussion on functional frameworks for IoT, object identification, IoT domain model, RFID technology, wearable sensors, WBAN, IoT semantics, knowledge extraction, and security and privacy issues in IoT-based ecosystems. Written by leading international experts, it explores IoT-enabled insight paradigms, which are utilized for the future benefit of humans. It also includes references to numerous works. Divided into stand-alone chapters, this highly readable book is intended for specialists, researchers, graduate students, designers, experts, and engineers involved in research on healthcare-related issues.
Demystifying Big Data, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning for Healthcare Analytics
Author: Pradeep N
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128220449
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
Demystifying Big Data, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning for Healthcare Analytics presents the changing world of data utilization, especially in clinical healthcare. Various techniques, methodologies, and algorithms are presented in this book to organize data in a structured manner that will assist physicians in the care of patients and help biomedical engineers and computer scientists understand the impact of these techniques on healthcare analytics. The book is divided into two parts: Part 1 covers big data aspects such as healthcare decision support systems and analytics-related topics. Part 2 focuses on the current frameworks and applications of deep learning and machine learning, and provides an outlook on future directions of research and development. The entire book takes a case study approach, providing a wealth of real-world case studies in the application chapters to act as a foundational reference for biomedical engineers, computer scientists, healthcare researchers, and clinicians. - Provides a comprehensive reference for biomedical engineers, computer scientists, advanced industry practitioners, researchers, and clinicians to understand and develop healthcare analytics using advanced tools and technologies - Includes in-depth illustrations of advanced techniques via dataset samples, statistical tables, and graphs with algorithms and computational methods for developing new applications in healthcare informatics - Unique case study approach provides readers with insights for practical clinical implementation
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128220449
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 374
Book Description
Demystifying Big Data, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning for Healthcare Analytics presents the changing world of data utilization, especially in clinical healthcare. Various techniques, methodologies, and algorithms are presented in this book to organize data in a structured manner that will assist physicians in the care of patients and help biomedical engineers and computer scientists understand the impact of these techniques on healthcare analytics. The book is divided into two parts: Part 1 covers big data aspects such as healthcare decision support systems and analytics-related topics. Part 2 focuses on the current frameworks and applications of deep learning and machine learning, and provides an outlook on future directions of research and development. The entire book takes a case study approach, providing a wealth of real-world case studies in the application chapters to act as a foundational reference for biomedical engineers, computer scientists, healthcare researchers, and clinicians. - Provides a comprehensive reference for biomedical engineers, computer scientists, advanced industry practitioners, researchers, and clinicians to understand and develop healthcare analytics using advanced tools and technologies - Includes in-depth illustrations of advanced techniques via dataset samples, statistical tables, and graphs with algorithms and computational methods for developing new applications in healthcare informatics - Unique case study approach provides readers with insights for practical clinical implementation
Intelligent Multimedia Signal Processing for Smart Ecosystems
Author: Shabir A. Parah
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031348737
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Book Description
A smart ecosystem is envisioned to exchange and analyze data across systems, enabling a flexible, faster, and reliable smart ecosystem for high-quality results at reduced costs and little human intervention. This book introduces many innovative approaches and provides solutions to various problems of smart ecosystems designed by employing various techniques/models based on AI, ML, Deep Learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The main focus is on intelligent multimedia processing and automated decision-making for various services, real-time data analysis, data security, cost-effective solutions for multimedia applications, smart information processing systems, and smart city planning to name a few. In addition, this book presents some key insights and future directions in the various areas of technology. Throughout the book, many state-of-the-art solutions concerning various applications are proposed to solve the issues and ensure the quality of services (QoS). The authors discuss the limitations of the current techniques used to design a smart ecosystem and highlight some prospective areas of research in the future. The book comprehensively discusses multimedia processing of various forms of data comprising text, images, and audio for the implementation of various solutions. The book is aimed to open many areas of research and thus would present a comprehensive reference for the design of smart ecosystems in various applications.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031348737
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Book Description
A smart ecosystem is envisioned to exchange and analyze data across systems, enabling a flexible, faster, and reliable smart ecosystem for high-quality results at reduced costs and little human intervention. This book introduces many innovative approaches and provides solutions to various problems of smart ecosystems designed by employing various techniques/models based on AI, ML, Deep Learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The main focus is on intelligent multimedia processing and automated decision-making for various services, real-time data analysis, data security, cost-effective solutions for multimedia applications, smart information processing systems, and smart city planning to name a few. In addition, this book presents some key insights and future directions in the various areas of technology. Throughout the book, many state-of-the-art solutions concerning various applications are proposed to solve the issues and ensure the quality of services (QoS). The authors discuss the limitations of the current techniques used to design a smart ecosystem and highlight some prospective areas of research in the future. The book comprehensively discusses multimedia processing of various forms of data comprising text, images, and audio for the implementation of various solutions. The book is aimed to open many areas of research and thus would present a comprehensive reference for the design of smart ecosystems in various applications.
The Fusion of Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Cloud Computing in Health Care
Author: Patrick Siarry
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030752208
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Book Description
This book reviews the convergence technologies like cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare and how they can help all stakeholders in the healthcare sector. The book is a proficient guide on the relationship between AI, IoT and healthcare and gives examples into how IoT is changing all aspects of the healthcare industry. Topics include remote patient monitoring, the telemedicine ecosystem, pattern imaging analytics using AI, disease identification and diagnosis using AI, robotic surgery, prediction of epidemic outbreaks, and more. The contributors include applications and case studies across all areas of computational intelligence in healthcare data. The authors also include workflow in IoT-enabled healthcare technologies and explore privacy and security issues in healthcare-based IoT.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030752208
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 270
Book Description
This book reviews the convergence technologies like cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare and how they can help all stakeholders in the healthcare sector. The book is a proficient guide on the relationship between AI, IoT and healthcare and gives examples into how IoT is changing all aspects of the healthcare industry. Topics include remote patient monitoring, the telemedicine ecosystem, pattern imaging analytics using AI, disease identification and diagnosis using AI, robotic surgery, prediction of epidemic outbreaks, and more. The contributors include applications and case studies across all areas of computational intelligence in healthcare data. The authors also include workflow in IoT-enabled healthcare technologies and explore privacy and security issues in healthcare-based IoT.
The Role of AI in Enhancing IoT-Cloud Applications
Author: Ambika Nagaraj
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN: 9815165712
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
This book explores the dynamic intersection of three cutting-edge technologies—Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Cloud Computing—and their profound impact on diverse domains. Beginning with an introduction to AI and its challenges, it delves into IoT applications in fields like transportation, industry 4.0, healthcare, and agriculture. The subsequent chapter explores AI in the cloud, covering areas such as banking, e-commerce, smart cities, healthcare, and robotics. Another section investigates the integration of AI and IoT-Cloud, discussing applications like smart meters, smart cities, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, and smart industry. Challenges like data privacy and security are examined, and the future direction of these technologies, including fog computing and quantum computing, is explored. The book concludes with use cases that highlight the real-world applications of these transformative technologies across various sectors. Each chapter is also supplemented with a list of scholarly references for advanced readers. The book is intended primarily as a resource for students in information technology and technology courses. And as a secondary resource for industry professionals who want to learn about these technologies in the context of digital transform
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN: 9815165712
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
This book explores the dynamic intersection of three cutting-edge technologies—Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Cloud Computing—and their profound impact on diverse domains. Beginning with an introduction to AI and its challenges, it delves into IoT applications in fields like transportation, industry 4.0, healthcare, and agriculture. The subsequent chapter explores AI in the cloud, covering areas such as banking, e-commerce, smart cities, healthcare, and robotics. Another section investigates the integration of AI and IoT-Cloud, discussing applications like smart meters, smart cities, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, and smart industry. Challenges like data privacy and security are examined, and the future direction of these technologies, including fog computing and quantum computing, is explored. The book concludes with use cases that highlight the real-world applications of these transformative technologies across various sectors. Each chapter is also supplemented with a list of scholarly references for advanced readers. The book is intended primarily as a resource for students in information technology and technology courses. And as a secondary resource for industry professionals who want to learn about these technologies in the context of digital transform
Healthcare 4.0
Author: Lalitha Krishnasamy
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000826139
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 366
Book Description
The main aim of Healthcare 4.0: Health Informatics and Precision Data Management is to improve the services given by the healthcare industry and to bring meaningful patient outcomes by applying the data, information and knowledge in the healthcare domain. Features: Improves the quality of health data of a patient Presents a wide range of opportunities and renewed possibilities for healthcare systems Gives a way for carefully and meticulously tracking the provenance of medical records Accelerates the process of disease-oriented data and medical data arbitration Brings meaningful patient health outcomes Eradicates delayed clinical communications Helps the research intellectuals to step down further toward the disease and clinical data storage Creates more patient-centered services The precise focus of this handbook is on the potential applications and use of data informatics in healthcare, including clinical trials, tailored ailment data, patient and ailment record characterization and health records management.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000826139
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 366
Book Description
The main aim of Healthcare 4.0: Health Informatics and Precision Data Management is to improve the services given by the healthcare industry and to bring meaningful patient outcomes by applying the data, information and knowledge in the healthcare domain. Features: Improves the quality of health data of a patient Presents a wide range of opportunities and renewed possibilities for healthcare systems Gives a way for carefully and meticulously tracking the provenance of medical records Accelerates the process of disease-oriented data and medical data arbitration Brings meaningful patient health outcomes Eradicates delayed clinical communications Helps the research intellectuals to step down further toward the disease and clinical data storage Creates more patient-centered services The precise focus of this handbook is on the potential applications and use of data informatics in healthcare, including clinical trials, tailored ailment data, patient and ailment record characterization and health records management.
Internet of Things in Biomedical Engineering
Author: Valentina Emilia Balas
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128173572
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
Internet of Things in Biomedical Engineering presents the most current research in Internet of Things (IoT) applications for clinical patient monitoring and treatment. The book takes a systems-level approach for both human-factors and the technical aspects of networking, databases and privacy. Sections delve into the latest advances and cutting-edge technologies, starting with an overview of the Internet of Things and biomedical engineering, as well as a focus on 'daily life.' Contributors from various experts then discuss 'computer assisted anthropology,' CLOUDFALL, and image guided surgery, as well as bio-informatics and data mining. This comprehensive coverage of the industry and technology is a perfect resource for students and researchers interested in the topic. - Presents recent advances in IoT for biomedical engineering, covering biometrics, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, computer vision and various network applications - Discusses big data and data mining in healthcare and other IoT based biomedical data analysis - Includes discussions on a variety of IoT applications and medical information systems - Includes case studies and applications, as well as examples on how to automate data analysis with Perl R in IoT
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128173572
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
Internet of Things in Biomedical Engineering presents the most current research in Internet of Things (IoT) applications for clinical patient monitoring and treatment. The book takes a systems-level approach for both human-factors and the technical aspects of networking, databases and privacy. Sections delve into the latest advances and cutting-edge technologies, starting with an overview of the Internet of Things and biomedical engineering, as well as a focus on 'daily life.' Contributors from various experts then discuss 'computer assisted anthropology,' CLOUDFALL, and image guided surgery, as well as bio-informatics and data mining. This comprehensive coverage of the industry and technology is a perfect resource for students and researchers interested in the topic. - Presents recent advances in IoT for biomedical engineering, covering biometrics, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, computer vision and various network applications - Discusses big data and data mining in healthcare and other IoT based biomedical data analysis - Includes discussions on a variety of IoT applications and medical information systems - Includes case studies and applications, as well as examples on how to automate data analysis with Perl R in IoT
Advances in Explainable AI Applications for Smart Cities
Author: Ghonge, Mangesh M.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1668463636
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 523
Book Description
As smart cities become more prevalent, the need for explainable AI (XAI) applications has become increasingly important. Advances in Explainable AI Applications for Smart Cities is a co-edited book that showcases the latest research and development in XAI for smart city applications. This book covers a wide range of topics, including medical diagnosis, finance and banking, judicial systems, military training, manufacturing industries, autonomous vehicles, insurance claim management, and cybersecurity solutions. Through its diverse case studies and research, this book provides valuable insights into the importance of XAI in smart city applications. This book is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, and scientists working in research laboratories. It provides a comprehensive overview of XAI concepts, advantages over AI, and its applications in smart city development. By showcasing the impact of XAI on various smart city applications, the book enables readers to understand the importance of XAI in creating more sustainable and efficient smart cities. Additionally, the book addresses the open challenges and research issues related to XAI in modern smart cities, providing a roadmap for future research in this field. Overall, this book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the importance of XAI in smart city applications.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1668463636
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 523
Book Description
As smart cities become more prevalent, the need for explainable AI (XAI) applications has become increasingly important. Advances in Explainable AI Applications for Smart Cities is a co-edited book that showcases the latest research and development in XAI for smart city applications. This book covers a wide range of topics, including medical diagnosis, finance and banking, judicial systems, military training, manufacturing industries, autonomous vehicles, insurance claim management, and cybersecurity solutions. Through its diverse case studies and research, this book provides valuable insights into the importance of XAI in smart city applications. This book is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, and scientists working in research laboratories. It provides a comprehensive overview of XAI concepts, advantages over AI, and its applications in smart city development. By showcasing the impact of XAI on various smart city applications, the book enables readers to understand the importance of XAI in creating more sustainable and efficient smart cities. Additionally, the book addresses the open challenges and research issues related to XAI in modern smart cities, providing a roadmap for future research in this field. Overall, this book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the importance of XAI in smart city applications.
Quality of Healthcare in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Author: Moumtzoglou, Anastasius
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799891992
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 403
Book Description
The COVID-19 pandemic has put massive stress on healthcare professionals’ formal training, their creed to do no harm, and the patient safety movement. COVID-19 affects all aspects of daily life and healthcare’s organizational culture and values. Healthcare institutions experience absenteeism, change in commerce patterns, and interrupted supply/delivery in this context. It has also revealed the extensive amounts of data needed for population health management, as well as the opportunities afforded by mainstreaming telehealth and virtual care capabilities, thus making the implementation of health IT essential in the post-pandemic era. Quality of Healthcare in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic clarifies how healthcare professionals might provide their services differently than treating a patient through its vicinity with multiple providers. It examines the notion that healthcare education requires a pack of healthcare workers from varied educational backgrounds and training levels for the nuances of a disease. Covering topics such as blockchain technology, power density analysis, and supply chain, this book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and extended degree program students, graduate students of healthcare quality and health services management, healthcare managers, health professionals, researchers, professors, and academicians.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799891992
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 403
Book Description
The COVID-19 pandemic has put massive stress on healthcare professionals’ formal training, their creed to do no harm, and the patient safety movement. COVID-19 affects all aspects of daily life and healthcare’s organizational culture and values. Healthcare institutions experience absenteeism, change in commerce patterns, and interrupted supply/delivery in this context. It has also revealed the extensive amounts of data needed for population health management, as well as the opportunities afforded by mainstreaming telehealth and virtual care capabilities, thus making the implementation of health IT essential in the post-pandemic era. Quality of Healthcare in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic clarifies how healthcare professionals might provide their services differently than treating a patient through its vicinity with multiple providers. It examines the notion that healthcare education requires a pack of healthcare workers from varied educational backgrounds and training levels for the nuances of a disease. Covering topics such as blockchain technology, power density analysis, and supply chain, this book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and extended degree program students, graduate students of healthcare quality and health services management, healthcare managers, health professionals, researchers, professors, and academicians.